💡 句子级中英对照。
📄 教材 p.184 · 7Lb Moving Sounds
The astronauts in photo A have to talk to each other using a radio system because sound cannot travel through the empty space between them.
照片 A 中的宇航员必须使用无线电系统互相交谈,因为声音不能通过他们之间的空旷空间传播。
Sound can only travel through a medium, a solid, liquid or gas.
声音只能通过介质传播,也就是固体、液体或气体。
It cannot travel through a vacuum, a completely empty space.
声音不能通过真空传播,也就是完全空的空间。
All substances are made from particles.
所有物质都是由粒子组成的。
A vibrating loudspeaker makes the air particles close to it move backwards and forwards.
一个振动的扬声器会使靠近它的空气粒子来回运动。
These moving particles make neighbouring particles move, and so the vibrations spread out through the air.
这些运动的粒子会使相邻粒子运动,因此振动会通过空气扩散开来。
The moving vibrations form a sound wave.
移动的振动形成声波。
The air particles are squashed together in some places; these places have higher pressure.
空气粒子在某些地方被挤在一起;这些地方压强更高。
The particles are spread out in other places; these places have lower pressure.
粒子在其他地方分散开;这些地方压强更低。
These waves are called pressure waves because there is a repeating pattern of high and low pressure areas.
这些波叫作压力波,因为它们具有高压和低压区域重复出现的模式。
These astronauts are working on the International Space Station.
这些宇航员正在国际空间站工作。
Normal spacing of air particles.
空气粒子的正常间距。
Air particles closer together here: high pressure.
这里空气粒子更靠近:高压。
Air particles further apart here: low pressure.
这里空气粒子更分散:低压。
How are the particles arranged in solids, liquids and gases?
固体、液体和气体中的粒子是如何排列的?
The astronauts in photo A can talk to each other without a radio system if they touch their helmets together.
如果照片 A 中的宇航员把头盔碰在一起,他们不用无线电系统也可以互相交谈。
Explain why this works.
解释为什么这样可行。
The frequency of a sound wave is the number of waves passing per second.
声波的频率是每秒通过的波的数量。
The amplitude of the wave is the distance moved by the air particles as the sound wave passes.
波的振幅是声波通过时空气粒子移动的距离。
The greater the amplitude, the louder the sound.
振幅越大,声音越响。
Pressure waves, such as sound waves, transfer energy from one place to another.
压力波,例如声波,会把能量从一个地方转移到另一个地方。
They do not transfer particles.
它们不会转移粒子。
The louder the sound, the more energy it is transferring.
声音越响,它转移的能量越多。
The amplitude is the maximum change in the position of a particle from its starting position.
振幅是粒子相对于起始位置的最大位置变化。
Look at the sound waves in diagram C.
看图 C 中的声波。
Which shows the louder sound?
哪一个表示更响的声音?
Explain your answer.
解释你的答案。
📄 教材 p.185 · Speed of Sound
Sound travels at different speeds in different materials.
声音在不同材料中以不同速度传播。
The vibrations are passed on more easily when the particles in a material are closer together, so sounds travel faster in solids than in liquids.
当材料中的粒子靠得更近时,振动更容易传递,所以声音在固体中比在液体中传播得更快。
Sound also travels faster in liquids than in gases.
声音在液体中也比在气体中传播得更快。
Air at 20°C: speed of sound 343 m/s.
20°C 的空气:声速 343 m/s。
Water at 10°C: speed of sound 1450 m/s.
10°C 的水:声速 1450 m/s。
Wood: speed of sound 3600 m/s.
木材:声速 3600 m/s。
Glass: speed of sound 3950 m/s.
玻璃:声速 3950 m/s。
Steel: speed of sound 6100 m/s.
钢:声速 6100 m/s。
Why does sound travel faster in steel than it does in air?
为什么声音在钢中比在空气中传播得更快?
Use ideas about particles in your answer.
在答案中使用关于粒子的概念。
Paul says: "The table shows that sound travels faster in metals than in other solids."
Paul 说:“这个表说明声音在金属中比在其他固体中传播得更快。”
Explain why this is not a good conclusion to make from the data in the table.
解释为什么不能根据表中的数据得出这个结论。
How could you find out if sound does travel faster in metals than in other solids?
你如何查明声音是否真的在金属中比在其他固体中传播得更快?
Sound waves spread out from a source.
声波从声源向外扩散。
As you get further from the source, the energy carried by the sound wave has spread out further.
当你离声源越远,声波携带的能量就扩散得越开。
There is less energy for your ear to detect when you are further from the source.
当你离声源更远时,你的耳朵能检测到的能量更少。
Sound waves spread out in three directions.
声波向三个方向扩散。
You can work out how far away a thunderstorm is by counting the number of seconds between the lightning flash and hearing the thunder.
你可以通过数闪电出现到听到雷声之间的秒数,算出雷暴离你有多远。
Divide the number of seconds by three and that is the distance in kilometres.
把秒数除以 3,就是距离的千米数。
This works because light travels at 300 000 km/s and so reaches you very quickly.
这样可行是因为光以 300 000 km/s 的速度传播,所以很快到达你这里。
Sound travels at about a third of a kilometre every second and so takes three seconds to travel each kilometre.
声音每秒传播大约三分之一千米,所以每传播 1 千米需要 3 秒。
You can make your voice carry further by cupping your hands around your mouth or by shouting through a paper cone.
你可以把双手围在嘴边,或通过纸锥喊话,让声音传得更远。
Explain why this works.
解释为什么这样可行。
The slinky in diagram F is a model representing a sound wave.
图 F 中的弹簧玩具是表示声波的模型。
How does the model represent sound waves?
这个模型如何表示声波?
In what ways is this not a good model for sound waves?
这个模型在哪些方面不是声波的好模型?
Disturbance moves along spring.
扰动沿弹簧移动。
Source travels back and forth.
声源来回运动。
I can describe how sound moves through materials.
我能描述声音如何通过材料传播。
I can explain why sounds get fainter further from their source.
我能解释为什么离声源越远,声音越弱。
📄 教材 p.186 · 7Lb Line Graphs and Scatter Graphs
A sound wave is vibrations being passed on by solids, liquids or gases.
声波是由固体、液体或气体传递的振动。
As the sound wave passes, particles in the medium move backwards and forwards.
当声波通过时,介质中的粒子会来回运动。
The particles that make up materials are very small, so it helps to use a model to help us to think about what is happening.
构成材料的粒子非常小,所以使用模型有助于我们思考发生了什么。
The slinky spring is a model for a sound wave.
弹簧玩具是声波的一个模型。
Line graph B shows how the marked point on the spring in diagram A moves as the wave passes.
折线图 B 显示了当波通过时,图 A 中弹簧上标记点如何移动。
Line graphs are used to show how one variable changes as another variable changes, usually time.
折线图用于显示一个变量如何随另一个变量变化而变化,通常是随时间变化。
Positive distances show the coil has moved in the same direction as the wave is travelling.
正距离表示线圈沿着波传播的相同方向移动。
Negative distances show the coil has moved in the opposite direction to the wave.
负距离表示线圈沿着与波相反的方向移动。
Time is on the horizontal axis with the units in brackets.
时间在横轴上,单位写在括号中。
The points are joined with straight lines or a smooth curve is drawn through them.
各点用直线连接,或用一条平滑曲线穿过它们。
What does zero distance represent?
零距离代表什么?
What is the amplitude of the wave in the spring?
弹簧中这个波的振幅是多少?
The same spring is used to model a quieter sound.
使用同一个弹簧来模拟更轻的声音。
Describe how the graph would be different.
描述图表会有什么不同。
An oscilloscope can be connected to a microphone to show sound waves.
示波器可以连接到麦克风,用来显示声波。
The oscilloscope trace is like a line graph.
示波器轨迹就像一张折线图。
On a sound wave trace, the amplitude is the maximum distance from 0.
在声波轨迹中,振幅是距离 0 的最大距离。
The frequency is the number of complete waves, one up and down, that pass a point each second.
频率是每秒通过某点的完整波的数量,一个完整波包括一次向上和向下。
In trace B, one wave takes 0.2 seconds.
在轨迹 B 中,一个波需要 0.2 秒。
In each second 5 waves pass and so the frequency is 5 Hz.
每秒有 5 个波通过,因此频率是 5 Hz。
Graphs can also be used to look for a relationship, or link, between two quantitative variables.
图表也可以用来寻找两个定量变量之间的关系或联系。
Graph D is a scatter graph that shows how the speed of sound in air changes when the temperature changes.
图 D 是一张散点图,显示空气中的声速如何随温度变化而变化。
The line of best fit is the best straight line that can be drawn through the points.
最佳拟合线是能够穿过这些点的最佳直线。
Lines or curves of best fit should only be drawn when the graph shows a clear pattern.
只有当图表显示出清晰规律时,才应该画最佳拟合线或曲线。
The trace on this oscilloscope represents the sound waves that the trumpet is making.
这个示波器上的轨迹表示小号正在发出的声波。
📄 教材 p.187 · Working Scientifically: Graphs and Correlation
Working Scientifically
像科学家一样工作
We often describe in words what the line on a graph tells us.
我们经常用文字描述图表上的线告诉了我们什么。
In graph D, as you follow the horizontal axis from left to right, the temperature increases.
在图 D 中,当你沿横轴从左到右看时,温度升高。
As the temperature increases, the line on the graph goes up and this tells us that the speed of sound in air is also increasing.
随着温度升高,图上的线向上,这告诉我们空气中的声速也在增加。
The description of a straight line on a graph is often written in the form: As the variable on the horizontal axis increases, the variable on the vertical axis increases or decreases.
对图上直线的描述通常写成这种形式:随着横轴上的变量增加,纵轴上的变量增加或减少。
Graph D shows a relationship between the two variables.
图 D 显示了两个变量之间的关系。
Relationships like this are known as a positive correlation.
像这样的关系叫作正相关。
When a line of best fit on a scatter graph gets lower as you move along the horizontal axis, this is called a negative correlation.
当散点图上的最佳拟合线随着沿横轴移动而下降时,这叫作负相关。
How speed of sound depends on temperature.
声速如何取决于温度。
We usually draw a line of best fit through the points.
我们通常会画一条穿过这些点的最佳拟合线。
Describe what graph D tells us about the speed of sound in air.
描述图 D 告诉我们关于空气中声速的什么信息。
Draw labelled sketches to show positive and negative correlations.
画出带标签的草图,显示正相关和负相关。
Solid materials have different properties.
固体材料具有不同性质。
The density is the mass of a certain volume of material.
密度是一定体积材料的质量。
For example, iron has a higher density than wood because a piece of iron has more mass than the same sized piece of wood.
例如,铁的密度比木头大,因为同样大小的一块铁比一块木头质量更大。
Some materials are also stiffer than others.
有些材料也比其他材料更硬挺。
Table E shows the density and stiffness of some different metals.
表 E 显示了一些不同金属的密度和刚度。
For stiffness, the higher the number, the stiffer the material.
对于刚度来说,数值越高,材料越硬挺。
Carrie says that sound travels faster in denser materials.
Carrie 说,声音在密度更大的材料中传播得更快。
Dave says that sound travels faster if the material is stiffer.
Dave 说,如果材料更硬挺,声音传播得更快。
You can find out whose hypothesis is correct by plotting scatter graphs.
你可以通过绘制散点图来找出谁的假设正确。
The properties of some metals.
一些金属的性质。
Plot a scatter graph with stiffness on the horizontal axis and speed on the vertical axis.
绘制一张散点图,把刚度放在横轴,速度放在纵轴。
Then plot another graph with density on the horizontal axis and speed on the vertical axis.
然后再绘制另一张图,把密度放在横轴,速度放在纵轴。
What conclusion can you make from your two graphs?
你可以从这两张图中得出什么结论?
Whose hypothesis was correct?
谁的假设是正确的?
Explain your answer.
解释你的答案。
How did drawing the scatter graphs help you to decide whose hypothesis was correct?
绘制散点图如何帮助你判断谁的假设正确?
I can present information as scatter graphs.
我能用散点图呈现信息。
I can describe what line graphs and scatter graphs show.
我能描述折线图和散点图显示什么。
I can identify relationships using scatter graphs.
我能使用散点图识别关系。