💡 句子级中英对照。
📄 教材 p.176 · 7Ke Balanced and Unbalanced
Forces can add together.
力可以相加。
It is difficult for one person to push a broken-down car.
一个人很难推动一辆坏掉的汽车。
If another person helps, it is easier to push the car because their forces are added together.
如果另一个人帮忙,推车会更容易,因为他们的力相加了。
Two forces acting on an object can also work against each other if they are in opposite directions.
如果两个作用在物体上的力方向相反,它们也可以互相抵消。
If the two forces are the same size, nothing will change.
如果两个力大小相同,物体的状态不会改变。
The forces are balanced.
这些力是平衡的。
If one of the forces is stronger than the other, something will start to move.
如果其中一个力比另一个力强,物体就会开始运动。
The forces are unbalanced.
这些力是不平衡的。
If the unbalanced forces are acting on a moving object, the object will change its speed.
如果不平衡力作用在运动物体上,物体会改变速度。
The rope is not moving.
绳子没有移动。
This is because the pulling forces from the mule and the man are equal and opposite; they are balanced.
这是因为骡子和人产生的拉力大小相等、方向相反;它们是平衡的。
The pulling forces of all the dogs add together.
所有狗的拉力相加。
When the sled is moving at a steady speed, the pulling force from all the dogs is balanced by friction forces trying to slow the sled down.
当雪橇以稳定速度运动时,所有狗的拉力被试图使雪橇减速的摩擦力平衡。
The forwards force is bigger than the backwards force.
向前的力大于向后的力。
The bike speeds up.
自行车加速。
The forces are equal.
这些力大小相等。
Because the bike is already moving, it continues to move at the same speed.
因为自行车已经在运动,它会继续以相同速度运动。
The girl has stopped pedalling so there is no forwards force.
女孩已经停止蹬车,所以没有向前的力。
The bike will slow down until it stops.
自行车会减速直到停下。
Why isn't the rope moving?
为什么绳子没有移动?
What will happen if the mule pulls harder?
如果骡子拉得更用力,会发生什么?
📄 教材 p.177 · Balanced Forces in Moving Objects
All stationary objects have balanced forces acting on them.
所有静止物体都受到平衡力的作用。
Moving objects can also have balanced forces acting on them.
运动物体也可以受到平衡力的作用。
If the forces are balanced, the object carries on moving at the same speed.
如果力是平衡的,物体会继续以相同速度运动。
The speed only changes when the forces are unbalanced.
只有当力不平衡时,速度才会改变。
You can use the idea of balanced forces to explain how a force meter works.
你可以用平衡力的概念来解释测力计如何工作。
When you stretch a spring it gets harder and harder to pull it because the spring "pulls back".
当你拉伸弹簧时,越拉越难,因为弹簧会“向回拉”。
There is a similar explanation for why you do not fall through a chair when you sit down.
你坐下时不会穿过椅子,也有类似解释。
Every object changes shape when a force acts on it but in most cases the movement is too small to see.
当力作用在物体上时,每个物体都会改变形状,但在大多数情况下,这种变化小到看不见。
When you sit on a chair, you squash it slightly and, just as with a spring, the chair pushes back.
当你坐在椅子上时,你会轻微压缩椅子;就像弹簧一样,椅子会向回推。
When you first hang something on a force meter, the forces are not balanced, so the spring begins to stretch.
当你刚把东西挂在测力计上时,力还不平衡,所以弹簧开始伸长。
As the spring stretches, it produces a bigger force.
随着弹簧伸长,它产生更大的力。
Eventually the forces are balanced.
最终,力达到平衡。
The force meter is showing the weight of the object.
测力计显示的是物体的重量。
The tightrope stretches a little when the man stands on it.
当这名男子站在绳索上时,绳索会稍微伸长。
The rope pulls back and provides a force that balances the weight of the man.
绳索向回拉,并提供一个平衡这名男子重量的力。
Look at cartoon C.
看漫画 C。
How could the girl increase the size of the friction forces on the bike?
这个女孩怎样能增大自行车上的摩擦力?
How would increasing the size of this force affect her speed?
增大这个力会如何影响她的速度?
What will happen when the dogs get tired and cannot pull as strongly?
当狗累了,不能再那么用力拉时,会发生什么?
Explain what will happen if a larger mass is put on the force meter.
解释如果把更大的质量挂在测力计上,会发生什么。
Why is the man not moving?
为什么这名男子没有移动?
How will the forces be different if a lighter man uses the tightrope?
如果一个更轻的人使用这根绳索,力会有什么不同?
To investigate the friction between different surfaces, you measure the force needed to pull an object at a steady speed.
为了研究不同表面之间的摩擦力,你要测量以稳定速度拉动物体所需的力。
Explain why you need to use a steady speed to find out the size of the friction force.
解释为什么需要使用稳定速度来找出摩擦力大小。
I can identify balanced and unbalanced forces.
我能识别平衡力和不平衡力。
I can explain the effects of balanced and unbalanced forces.
我能解释平衡力和不平衡力的影响。
📄 教材 p.178 · 7Ke Designing Structures
Architects and civil engineers work together to design bridges, buildings, shopping malls and housing.
建筑师和土木工程师合作设计桥梁、建筑、购物中心和住宅。
Architects design structures for the way people will use them.
建筑师根据人们将如何使用结构来进行设计。
For example, for an office block, they need to know things like the number of people who will work in the building, and how many offices, meeting rooms and washrooms are needed.
例如,对于一栋办公楼,他们需要知道有多少人在楼里工作,以及需要多少办公室、会议室和洗手间。
Surveys are used to find out this information, which is used to help make the design.
调查被用来获取这些信息,而这些信息会帮助进行设计。
They also think about how people will move around the building.
他们还会考虑人们如何在建筑中移动。
Their design must take account of all these needs, in a way that makes the building easy and pleasant to use.
他们的设计必须考虑所有这些需求,使建筑容易使用并且令人感到舒适。
Architects also decide what the building will look like, and how it fits into its surroundings.
建筑师还决定建筑看起来是什么样,以及它如何融入周围环境。
The Petronas Towers complex in Malaysia includes an underground car park, a shopping mall and offices.
马来西亚的双子塔综合体包括地下停车场、购物中心和办公室。
Once the architects have decided on the design of the building, civil engineers use their knowledge of forces and materials to work out how to build the structure.
一旦建筑师决定了建筑设计,土木工程师就会利用他们关于力和材料的知识,计算如何建造这个结构。
They work closely with architects to make sure that the design is practical to build.
他们与建筑师密切合作,确保设计在建造上可行。
The structure must be strong enough to withstand bad weather.
结构必须足够坚固,能够承受恶劣天气。
In some countries, civil engineers also have to design the building to be safe in earthquakes.
在一些国家,土木工程师还必须把建筑设计成在地震中安全。
Some structures can also be works of art.
有些结构也可以是艺术品。
This is the Golden Bridge in Vietnam.
这是越南的金桥。
Write down a list of all the different types of room in your school and what they are used for.
写出你学校中所有不同类型房间的清单,并写出它们的用途。
What would an architect have to think about to design a school for twice as many students as your school?
如果要设计一所学生人数是你学校两倍的学校,建筑师必须考虑什么?
Write down some things an architect must find out before designing a new bridge.
写出建筑师在设计一座新桥之前必须弄清楚的一些事情。
Write down some things an architect must find out before designing a new shopping mall.
写出建筑师在设计一个新购物中心之前必须弄清楚的一些事情。
Working on Buildings
建筑工作
Architects and civil engineers need to be good at maths and computing, and at solving problems.
建筑师和土木工程师需要擅长数学、计算机和解决问题。
They need university degrees and get professional training when they start work.
他们需要大学学位,并在开始工作时接受专业培训。
📄 教材 p.179 · STEM: Designing Structures
Most architects and civil engineers work as part of large teams.
大多数建筑师和土木工程师都是大型团队的一部分。
They need good communications skills, to share ideas with their team and with their clients.
他们需要良好的沟通技能,以便与团队和客户分享想法。
Teams of architects and civil engineers work on projects in different parts of the world and with people from different countries.
建筑师和土木工程师团队会在世界不同地区开展项目,并与来自不同国家的人合作。
Scientists and engineers have certain ways of presenting information, called conventions.
科学家和工程师有一些特定的信息呈现方式,叫作约定。
These conventions make it easier to present information in a way everyone understands.
这些约定使信息更容易以每个人都能理解的方式呈现。
Agreeing and using conventions is an important part of communication.
认同并使用约定是沟通的重要部分。
Buildings and other structures are designed using computer programs.
建筑和其他结构使用计算机程序进行设计。
Architects use models and plans to communicate their designs to other people.
建筑师使用模型和图纸向其他人传达他们的设计。
Suggest why architects and civil engineers usually work in teams.
推测为什么建筑师和土木工程师通常在团队中工作。
One thing that must be agreed is which measurement units to use for a project, for example metres, feet, pounds or kilograms.
必须达成一致的一件事是项目使用哪些测量单位,例如米、英尺、磅或千克。
By convention, each measurement unit has an internationally agreed unit symbol.
按照约定,每个测量单位都有一个国际认可的单位符号。
Explain why it is important to decide what measurement unit to use.
解释为什么决定使用什么测量单位很重要。
Explain why having a convention for unit symbols is important.
解释为什么单位符号有约定很重要。
Work in a group to design and build a bridge using only sheets of paper and sticky tape.
小组合作,只使用纸张和胶带设计并建造一座桥。
Your bridge must stretch across a 50 cm gap between two tables and must support a 1 kg mass.
你的桥必须跨过两张桌子之间 50 cm 的间隙,并能支撑 1 kg 的质量。
Decide on a design for your bridge and build it.
决定你的桥梁设计并建造它。
If it supports 1 kg you have met the brief.
如果它能支撑 1 kg,你就达到了任务要求。
Evaluate your design.
评估你的设计。
If it failed, try to change your design to make it stronger.
如果它失败了,尝试改变设计让它更坚固。
If it supported 1 kg, try to design a bridge using less material.
如果它支撑了 1 kg,尝试用更少材料设计一座桥。
Write a short report to describe your design and how you modified it.
写一份简短报告,描述你的设计以及你如何修改它。
Model bridges are made from many materials.
模型桥可以由许多材料制成。
This bridge was built for an international "Model Bridge with Ice Cream Sticks" competition.
这座桥是为一项国际“冰棒棍模型桥”比赛建造的。
It supported 909 kg before breaking.
它在断裂前支撑了 909 kg。
📄 教材 p.180 · 7Ke Safety Standards
In many sports, people rely on ropes or other equipment to keep them safe.
在许多运动中,人们依靠绳索或其他装备来保证安全。
All this equipment must meet certain standards.
所有这些装备都必须符合一定标准。
These standards make sure that the equipment is strong enough for its purpose and is safe to use.
这些标准确保装备对其用途来说足够坚固,并且可以安全使用。
In climbing, the ropes are tested for strength and for stretchiness.
在攀岩中,绳索会接受强度和伸展性的测试。
The more stretchy the rope, the smaller the impact force on the climber when the rope stops them falling.
绳索越有伸展性,当绳索阻止攀登者下落时,攀登者受到的冲击力就越小。
There are no set standards for how much friction the outside of a rope must provide.
对于绳索外表面必须提供多少摩擦力,并没有固定标准。
Most manufacturers test their equipment for friction as well as for stretch, to make sure that people buying the rope will be happy to use it and continue to buy from them.
大多数制造商不仅测试装备的伸展性,也测试摩擦力,以确保购买绳索的人愿意使用并继续购买他们的产品。
The outside of the rope has to provide enough friction for the climber to be able to hold onto it, and for the knots to stay done up.
绳索外表面必须提供足够的摩擦力,使攀登者能够抓住它,并使绳结保持系紧。
But it must be smooth enough to slide through things when necessary.
但在需要时,它又必须足够光滑,能够从一些装置中滑过。
This climber's rope is strong enough to stop him hitting the ground.
这名攀登者的绳索足够结实,可以阻止他撞到地面。
The rope is also stretchy so that it reduces the impact force on the climber when it stops his fall.
绳索也有伸展性,所以当它阻止他下落时,可以减小攀登者受到的冲击力。
How will a very stretchy rope help a falling climber?
非常有伸展性的绳索会如何帮助正在下落的攀登者?
Suggest a disadvantage of having a very stretchy climbing rope.
推测攀岩绳过于有伸展性的一个缺点。
Skiers wax their skis to reduce the friction beneath them.
滑雪者给滑雪板打蜡,以减小滑雪板下方的摩擦力。
Explain in as much detail as you can why skiers want to reduce the friction.
尽可能详细地解释为什么滑雪者想要减小摩擦力。
Describe three examples of where high friction is useful in sports.
描述三个高摩擦力在运动中有用的例子。
Why are there international safety standards for things like climbing ropes but not for ski wax?
为什么攀岩绳这类物品有国际安全标准,而滑雪蜡没有?
Skis are available in different sizes.
滑雪板有不同尺寸。
Explain why a person might want to buy a bigger pair of skis.
解释为什么一个人可能想买一副更大的滑雪板。
Use ideas about pressure in your answer.
在答案中使用关于压强的概念。
Describe a situation where high pressure is useful in sports.
描述一个高压强在运动中有用的情境。
Describe the forces acting on the climber in photo A.
描述照片 A 中作用在攀登者身上的力。
Describe what happens to the climber as the rope takes his weight as he falls, and how the forces on him change.
描述当攀登者下落、绳索承受他的重量时,攀登者会发生什么,以及他受到的力如何变化。
Manufacturers have to spend money to test their products against safety standards, and this makes the items more expensive.
制造商必须花钱按照安全标准测试产品,这会使物品更贵。
Do you think there should be standards for adventure sport equipment?
你认为冒险运动装备应该有标准吗?
💡 7Ke 平衡力 + 结构设计 · 含音标 / 词性 / 词源 / 教材原句 / 现代延伸 / 易错。
⚖️ 平衡 vs 不平衡
balanced
/ˈbælənst/
adj.
平衡的
词源拉丁 bi-(两)+ lanx(盘)= "两个盘的秤" → 古法语 balance
教材"When forces are balanced, the object does not change its motion."(力平衡时,物体的运动状态不变)
延伸① balanced diet 均衡饮食 ② work-life balance 工作生活平衡 ③ balance sheet 资产负债表
平衡力 ≠ 没有力!平衡力指合力为 0(两边力大小相等、方向相反),物体保持静止或匀速直线运动 —— 不是没有受力。
unbalanced
/ʌnˈbælənst/
adj.
不平衡的
词源un-(否定前缀)+ balanced(平衡的)
教材"When forces are unbalanced, the object speeds up, slows down or changes direction."(力不平衡时,物体加速、减速或改变方向)
延伸① unbalanced diet 饮食不均衡 ② unbalanced mind 精神失常 ③ 前缀 un- 表否定(unhappy, unfair)
resultant
/rɪˈzʌltənt/
n./adj.
合力;结果的
词源拉丁 resultare(弹回、产生结果)+ -ant(动词→形容词后缀)
教材"The resultant force is the single force that has the same effect as all the other forces combined."(合力 = 所有力加起来的等效力)
延伸① resultant force = 0 合力为零(平衡) ② result n. 结果 ③ as a result 因此
合力计算:同向相加,反向相减。10 N → + 6 N → = 16 N →;10 N → + 6 N ← = 4 N →(取大方向)。
🏗️ 结构设计
equilibrium
/ˌiːkwɪˈlɪbriəm/
n.
平衡状态
词源拉丁 aequi-(相等)+ libra(天平)= "天平两边相等"(libra 也是星座"天秤座"的来源)
教材"An object in equilibrium has zero resultant force."(处于平衡状态的物体合力为零)
延伸① chemical equilibrium 化学平衡 ② thermal equilibrium 热平衡 ③ mental equilibrium 心理平衡
同根equal adj. 相等的 / equator n. 赤道 / equity n. 公平
design
/dɪˈzaɪn/
v./n.
设计
词源拉丁 de-(向下)+ signare(标记、画)= "画下来" → 意大利 disegno
教材"Engineers must design sports equipment so that it does not break."(工程师必须设计运动装备使其不会断裂)
延伸① designer n. 设计师 ② by design 故意地 ③ graphic design 平面设计
engineer
/ˌendʒɪˈnɪər/
n.
工程师
词源拉丁 ingenium(聪明、天赋)→ 中世纪英语 engine(机器、装置) + -eer(人)= "操作机器/想点子的人"
教材"Engineers who design sports equipment must know about all the forces involved."(设计运动装备的工程师必须了解涉及的所有力)
延伸① civil engineer 土木工程师 ② software engineer 软件工程师 ③ engineering n. 工程学
stable
/ˈsteɪbl/
adj.
稳定的
词源拉丁 stare(站立)→ stabilis = "能站住的"
教材"A structure is stable when the forces are balanced."(力平衡时结构是稳定的)
延伸① stability n. 稳定性 ② stabilize v. 使稳定 ③ unstable adj. 不稳定的 ④ stable currency 稳定货币
反义unstable adj. 不稳定的(前缀 un- 否定)