💡 句子级中英对照。
📄 教材 p.158 · 7Jd Changing the Current
The size of the current in a circuit depends on the voltage of the cells or power pack, and on the components in the circuit.
电路中电流的大小取决于电池或电源盒的电压,也取决于电路中的元件。
The voltage provided by a cell or power pack helps to push the charges around the circuit.
电池或电源盒提供的电压帮助推动电荷在电路中运动。
The higher the voltage of the cells in a circuit, the more charges it can push around.
电路中电池电压越高,它能推动的电荷就越多。
This means that increasing the voltage of cells or power packs increases the current.
这意味着增加电池或电源盒的电压会增加电流。
We measure the voltage using a voltmeter, and the units are volts (V).
我们用电压表测量电压,单位是伏特(V)。
The voltmeter is connected across a component, for example a cell or a bulb.
电压表连接在一个元件两端,例如电池或灯泡两端。
The current transfers energy to components in the circuit.
电流把能量转移给电路中的元件。
The voltage across a component is a way of measuring how much energy is being transferred by the current.
元件两端的电压是一种测量电流转移了多少能量的方法。
What does a voltmeter measure?
电压表测量什么?
Describe the difference between the ways ammeters and voltmeters are put into circuits.
描述电流表和电压表接入电路方式的区别。
Look at circuit B.
看电路 B。
Explain how the current in this circuit will change if you change the cell to a 3 V cell.
解释如果你把电池换成 3 V 电池,这个电路中的电流会如何变化。
If you add more bulbs to a series circuit, the bulbs give out less light.
如果你向串联电路中加入更多灯泡,灯泡发出的光会变弱。
It is difficult for the current to flow through the thin wire in the filaments of the bulbs.
电流很难流过灯泡灯丝中的细导线。
The more bulbs there are, the harder it is for the current to flow and so the current gets smaller.
灯泡越多,电流越难流动,因此电流会变小。
Air is normally an insulator, but at very high voltages electricity can jump across an air gap.
空气通常是绝缘体,但在非常高的电压下,电可以跳过空气间隙。
The voltage between a cloud and the ground in a thunderstorm can be up to 100 000 000 volts.
雷暴中云和地面之间的电压最高可达 100 000 000 伏特。
The current is transferring more energy to the bulb than to the motor.
电流转移给灯泡的能量比转移给电动机的能量更多。
📄 教材 p.159 · Resistance
Components, including bulbs, that make it more difficult for a current to flow around a circuit have a high resistance.
使电流更难在电路中流动的元件,包括灯泡,具有高电阻。
Components that do not make it difficult for the current to flow have a low resistance.
不会让电流难以流动的元件具有低电阻。
Connecting wires have a low resistance.
连接导线具有低电阻。
Sometimes we only need a very small current in a circuit.
有时我们在电路中只需要很小的电流。
We can make the current smaller by using a resistor in the circuit.
我们可以通过在电路中使用电阻器来使电流变小。
A resistor has a high resistance and makes it harder for electricity to flow.
电阻器具有高电阻,会让电更难流动。
This shows resistors and their symbols.
这里显示了电阻器及其符号。
The resistance of a variable resistor is changed by moving the slider.
可变电阻器的电阻可以通过移动滑片来改变。
What happens to the current in a circuit if the resistance of the components in the circuit is increased?
如果电路中元件的电阻增大,电路中的电流会发生什么变化?
When you add bulbs to a circuit in parallel, the brightness of the other bulbs does not change.
当你向并联电路中加入灯泡时,其他灯泡的亮度不会改变。
As you add more branches, the current flowing from the cell increases.
随着你加入更多支路,从电池流出的电流会增加。
It is easier for the current to flow when there are more branches because there are more ways for the current to go.
支路更多时电流更容易流动,因为电流有更多路径可以走。
The overall resistance of the circuit is less.
电路的总电阻更小。
Drawing D shows a model to help you to think about this.
图 D 显示了一个帮助你思考这一点的模型。
Queues of people waiting to get into a fairground and a soccer match.
人们排队等待进入游乐场和足球比赛场地。
Which queue will move faster?
哪一队移动得更快?
Explain your answer.
解释你的答案。
What do the people represent in this model of a circuit?
在这个电路模型中,人代表什么?
What do the entrances represent?
入口代表什么?
How does this model help you to think about resistance in a parallel circuit?
这个模型如何帮助你思考并联电路中的电阻?
Look at circuits E and F.
看电路 E 和 F。
The bulbs in the circuits all have the same resistance.
这些电路中的灯泡都有相同电阻。
Explain which circuit will have the higher current.
解释哪个电路会有更大的电流。
Explain what will happen to the current in circuit E if you add another bulb in series.
解释如果你向电路 E 中串联加入另一个灯泡,电流会发生什么。
Explain what will happen to the current in circuit F if you add another bulb in parallel.
解释如果你向电路 F 中并联加入另一个灯泡,电流会发生什么。
I can describe how changing the number or type of components in a circuit affects the current.
我能描述改变电路中元件数量或类型会如何影响电流。
I can describe how a voltmeter is used.
我能描述电压表如何使用。
I can explain why the current increases when the voltage of the supply is increased.
我能解释为什么电源电压增大时电流会增大。
I can describe the relationship between resistance and current.
我能描述电阻和电流之间的关系。
📄 教材 p.160 · 7Jd Building Robots
A robot is any machine that performs complicated tasks automatically.
机器人是任何能够自动执行复杂任务的机器。
Robots are controlled by computers.
机器人由计算机控制。
Many factories use robots to assemble cars and other machines.
许多工厂使用机器人组装汽车和其他机器。
They are also used for jobs that are too difficult or dangerous for humans.
它们也用于对人类来说太困难或太危险的工作。
Robots are used to help sick and elderly people who cannot move around easily.
机器人被用来帮助行动不便的病人和老人。
This robot is exploring Mars.
这个机器人正在探索火星。
It is very difficult, dangerous and expensive to send humans to Mars.
把人类送到火星非常困难、危险且昂贵。
Suggest two tasks robots could perform in your home.
推测机器人可以在你家里完成的两个任务。
Suggest two tasks robots could perform in your town.
推测机器人可以在你所在城镇完成的两个任务。
Suggest two parts of the Earth where robot explorers should be used instead of humans.
推测地球上两个应该使用机器人探险者而不是人类的地方。
Self-driving cars are robots.
自动驾驶汽车是机器人。
They must be designed to drive to the correct place without bumping into anything.
它们必须被设计成能开到正确地点,并且不会撞上任何东西。
Diagram C shows a flowchart model for what a human driver does when seeing an obstacle ahead.
图 C 显示了一个流程图模型,表示人类司机看到前方障碍物时会做什么。
A self-driving car needs sensors to detect what is around the car.
自动驾驶汽车需要传感器来探测汽车周围有什么。
It also needs motors to control the steering and speed, and a computer control system to decide what to do.
它还需要电动机来控制转向和速度,并需要计算机控制系统来决定做什么。
The sensors and motors are all in circuits that are controlled by switches and variable resistors.
传感器和电动机都位于由开关和可变电阻器控制的电路中。
The control system receives electrical signals from sensors such as cameras.
控制系统接收来自摄像头等传感器的电信号。
It then switches on motors or other devices to control the car.
然后它会打开电动机或其他设备来控制汽车。
The engineers who design the control system have to think of all the possible tasks the car needs to do, and program the computer to make the correct response each time.
设计控制系统的工程师必须想到汽车需要完成的所有可能任务,并给计算机编程,使它每次都作出正确反应。
The same ideas apply to designing any kind of robot.
同样的思想也适用于设计任何类型的机器人。
Sees an obstacle ahead.
看到前方有障碍物。
Presses brake pedal.
踩下刹车踏板。
A model for how a human driver controls a car.
人类司机如何控制汽车的模型。
📄 教材 p.161 · Careers in Robotics
Look at flow diagram C.
看流程图 C。
Which parts of a human carry out tasks 1, 2 and 3?
人体的哪些部分执行任务 1、2 和 3?
Suggest what a self-driving car could use to carry out tasks 1 and 2.
推测自动驾驶汽车可以用什么来执行任务 1 和 2。
Robotics engineers need a degree in a subject such as electronics, computer science or mechanical engineering.
机器人工程师需要拥有电子学、计算机科学或机械工程等学科的学位。
A robot is designed to do particular tasks, so engineers also need to communicate with the people who will use it, so they understand what those tasks are.
机器人被设计来完成特定任务,所以工程师还需要和使用机器人的人沟通,以便理解这些任务是什么。
The engineers in photo D need to understand the conditions on Mars so they can make sure the robot will work when it gets there.
照片 D 中的工程师需要了解火星上的环境,这样才能确保机器人到达那里后能够工作。
There are lots of things to think about when designing a robot space explorer, such as how the robot moves, how it examines rocks, and how to keep it powered.
设计太空探索机器人时需要考虑很多事情,例如机器人如何移动、如何检查岩石,以及如何保持供能。
Each task can be broken down into smaller problems to be solved.
每个任务都可以分解成更小的问题来解决。
For example, if scientists want to receive photos of rocks with a particular colour, which sensor should the robot use?
例如,如果科学家想接收某种特定颜色岩石的照片,机器人应该使用哪种传感器?
How can it decide if the rock is the right colour?
它如何判断岩石颜色是否正确?
How will the pictures be sent back to the scientists on Earth?
图片将如何传回地球上的科学家?
These engineers are developing a new robot to explore Mars.
这些工程师正在开发一个新的火星探测机器人。
Look at the list of problems to be solved for a robot Mars explorer.
看这份火星探测机器人需要解决的问题清单。
Suggest one solution for each problem.
为每个问题提出一个解决方案。
Photo E shows Robear.
照片 E 显示了 Robear。
This robot is designed to lift patients in hospitals or care homes.
这个机器人被设计用来在医院或护理院中抱起病人。
Engineers have to work out how it can do tasks such as understanding what the patient wants.
工程师必须弄清楚它如何完成任务,例如理解病人想要什么。
Engineers have to work out how it can find the patient.
工程师必须弄清楚它如何找到病人。
Engineers have to work out how it can lift the patient safely.
工程师必须弄清楚它如何安全地抱起病人。
Engineers have to work out how it can put the patient down safely in the correct place.
工程师必须弄清楚它如何在正确地点安全地放下病人。
Work in a group and choose one of these tasks to discuss.
小组合作,选择其中一个任务进行讨论。
Break the task down into three or four parts and suggest a solution for each part.
把这个任务分解成三到四个部分,并为每个部分提出一个解决方案。
Summarise your conclusions in a report or presentation.
用报告或展示总结你的结论。
Robear being tested.
Robear 正在接受测试。
💡 7Jd 关键词:电阻 / 欧姆 / 导体绝缘体。电学三大单位都是人名(V/A/Ω)。
🔌 电阻三件套
resistance
/rɪˈzɪstəns/
n.
电阻;阻力
词源拉丁 re-(反抗)+ sistere(站立)= "站着对抗" → 阻挡电流流动
教材"Components with a higher resistance reduce the current."(电阻越大 → 电流越小)
延伸① air resistance 空气阻力 ② resist v. 抵抗(resist temptation 抵制诱惑)
欧姆定律:V = I × R。考试问"电阻怎么影响电流" → 答"R 增大 → I 减小(V 不变)"。
resistor
/rɪˈzɪstər/
n.
电阻器(元件)
词源resist + -or(做某事的东西)= 提供电阻的元件
教材电路中专门控制电流大小的元件,符号是矩形或锯齿
延伸variable resistor 可变电阻 / fixed resistor 定值电阻 / LDR 光敏电阻
resistor ≠ resistance:resistor 是"实物元件",resistance 是它的"电学属性"。中文都叫电阻,英语严格区分。
ohm
/əʊm/
n.
欧姆(电阻单位 Ω)
词源纪念德国物理学家 Georg Ohm(1789–1854),发现 V = IR 关系
教材电阻的单位,符号 Ω(希腊字母 omega)
延伸① ohmmeter 欧姆表 ② Ohm's law 欧姆定律
电学三大单位全是人名:volt(Volta 意)/ ampere(Ampère 法)/ ohm(Ohm 德)。Ω 不要写成 0 或 o!
🧱 材料分类
conductor
/kənˈdʌktər/
n.
导体(导电的材料)
词源拉丁 conducere(带领、引导)= "带电流过去的东西"。同根 conduct v. 引导/进行
教材金属、石墨 → 电子自由 → 电流容易通过
延伸① conductor 也指乐队"指挥"或公交"售票员" ② semiconductor 半导体(硅、锗)
insulator
/ˈɪnsəleɪtər/
n.
绝缘体(不导电的材料)
词源拉丁 insula(岛屿)= "像孤岛一样隔开",电流过不去
教材塑料、橡胶、玻璃、干木 → 电子被束缚 → 电流不通
延伸insulate v. 绝缘 / 保温(房屋保温也用这词)
conductor vs insulator 必背:电线 = 金属导体 + 塑料绝缘体(外皮)。考试常问"为什么这样设计"。
component
/kəmˈpəʊnənt/
n.
元件、组成部分
词源拉丁 componere(放在一起)= "拼起来的一块"。同根 compose 组成 / composer 作曲家
教材"Components with a higher resistance reduce the current."(电阻大的元件会减小电流)
延伸电路 component 包括:cell, bulb, switch, resistor, ammeter, voltmeter