💡 句子级中英对照。
📄 教材 p.112 · 7Ge Air Pressure
We are surrounded by air and its particles are hitting us all the time.
我们被空气包围,空气粒子一直在撞击我们。
Air pressure is just the force of these particles hitting a surface.
气压就是这些粒子撞击表面时产生的力。
We do not normally feel this pressure but it is always there and we can sometimes see its effects.
我们通常感觉不到这种压力,但它一直存在,而且有时我们能看到它的影响。
Air pressure is an example of gas pressure, a pressure caused by gases.
气压是气体压强的一个例子,也就是由气体产生的压强。
Gas pressure inside a car tyre, pushing out, keeps the tyre inflated.
汽车轮胎内部向外推的气体压强使轮胎保持充气状态。
The more particles that hit a certain area of a surface, the greater the gas pressure.
撞击某一表面区域的粒子越多,气体压强就越大。
Adding more air particles into a tyre will increase the gas pressure inside it.
向轮胎中加入更多空气粒子会增加轮胎内部的气体压强。
Squashing the tyre to make its volume smaller will also increase the gas pressure.
挤压轮胎使它的体积变小,也会增加气体压强。
The gas pressure inside a car tyre is greater than outside the tyre because there are more particles hitting the inside of the tyre than the outside.
汽车轮胎内部的气体压强大于外部,因为撞击轮胎内侧的粒子比撞击外侧的粒子更多。
Air pressure measurements are used in forecasting weather.
气压测量被用于天气预报。
High air pressure usually produces more settled weather than low air pressure.
高气压通常比低气压带来更稳定的天气。
How can air produce a pressure?
空气如何产生压强?
Why does gas pressure increase when you pump up a tyre?
为什么给轮胎打气时气体压强会增加?
The vacuum pump in photo C can be used to remove the air from inside a metal can.
照片 C 中的真空泵可以用来移除金属罐内部的空气。
A vacuum does not contain anything, not even air.
真空中不含任何东西,甚至不含空气。
When the air is removed, the can is pushed in by the air particles hitting the outside of the can.
当空气被移除后,撞击金属罐外侧的空气粒子会把罐子压瘪。
The outside air pressure was always there, but before the pump was used there was also air inside the can.
外部气压一直存在,但在使用真空泵之前,罐子内部也有空气。
The inside gas pressure balanced the outside air pressure.
内部气体压强与外部气压相互平衡。
With the air inside removed, the outside pressure is strong enough to crush the can.
当内部空气被移除后,外部压强就足够大,可以压瘪罐子。
This is another example of how the particle theory can explain something we see happening.
这是粒子理论能够解释我们所看到现象的另一个例子。
The can is crushed in by air pressure when air is removed from inside it.
当罐子内部的空气被移除时,气压把罐子压瘪。
📄 教材 p.113 · Air Pressure in Action
A 1 litre bottle of most fizzy drinks contains nearly 3 litres of pressurised carbon dioxide gas.
大多数 1 升装汽水瓶中含有将近 3 升加压二氧化碳气体。
This gas pressure can sometimes cause these bottles to explode.
这种气体压强有时会使这些瓶子爆炸。
Use particle theory to explain why a tyre gets bigger as you pump it up.
用粒子理论解释为什么给轮胎打气时轮胎会变大。
Use particle theory to explain why a tyre gets smaller as you let the air out.
用粒子理论解释为什么放气时轮胎会变小。
Use particle theory to explain why the can is crushed in photo C.
用粒子理论解释为什么照片 C 中的罐子会被压瘪。
In your own words, explain how air pressure helps you drink through a straw.
用你自己的话解释气压如何帮助你用吸管喝饮料。
Many common observations can be explained using air pressure and particle theory.
许多常见观察都可以用气压和粒子理论来解释。
Sucking up liquids through a straw works because of air pressure.
用吸管吸起液体是因为气压的作用。
When you suck, you reduce the pressure inside the straw.
当你吸的时候,你降低了吸管内部的压强。
So the air pressure outside the straw acting on the liquid is greater than the pressure inside the straw and the liquid is pushed up the straw.
因此外部空气作用在液体上的压强大于吸管内部的压强,液体就被推上吸管。
Air pressure helps you to suck drinks through a straw.
气压帮助你通过吸管吸饮料。
All gases apply a pressure to the surfaces around them.
所有气体都会对周围表面施加压强。
Rotting waste in landfill sites produces the flammable gas methane.
垃圾填埋场中腐烂的废物会产生易燃气体甲烷。
This can be dangerous in several ways.
这可能在几个方面造成危险。
Gas particles move in all directions and so the methane can flow through a landfill site and collect in pockets.
气体粒子向各个方向运动,所以甲烷可以在垃圾填埋场中流动,并聚集在一些空腔里。
As more gas collects, the increasing pressure causes the pockets to expand.
随着更多气体聚集,不断增加的压强会使这些空腔膨胀。
This can crack the surface of a landfill site.
这可能使垃圾填埋场的表面开裂。
Sparks can cause the gas to explode.
火花可能使气体爆炸。
Therefore, it is important to get the methane out of landfill sites.
因此,把甲烷从垃圾填埋场中排出去很重要。
Chimneys are used to vent and burn methane at landfill sites.
垃圾填埋场使用烟囱来排出并燃烧甲烷。
When a sucker is pressed onto a surface, some of the air is squeezed out from under it.
当吸盘被压到一个表面上时,一些空气会从吸盘下面被挤出去。
Explain how methane can crack the surface of a landfill site.
解释甲烷如何使垃圾填埋场表面开裂。
Explain why the gas pressure inside a full can of spray deodorant is greater than the gas pressure inside a half-empty can.
解释为什么一罐满的喷雾除臭剂内部的气体压强大于半空罐内部的气体压强。
Use diagram G and the particle theory to explain how a sucker sticks to a smooth surface.
使用图 G 和粒子理论解释吸盘如何粘在光滑表面上。
I can say what is meant by gas pressure and recall some of its effects.
我能说出气体压强的意思,并记住它的一些影响。
I can describe the cause of gas pressure using particle theory.
我能用粒子理论描述气体压强产生的原因。
📄 教材 p.114 · 7Ge Forecasting the Weather
Meteorologists are scientists who study the weather.
气象学家是研究天气的科学家。
They also make weather forecasts, which they need to communicate to others.
他们还会作出天气预报,并且需要把这些预报传达给别人。
Weather forecasts are important for many kinds of business, such as airlines, farms and shipping companies.
天气预报对许多行业都很重要,例如航空公司、农场和航运公司。
Weather forecasts can help people to prepare for dangerous conditions, such as floods or typhoons.
天气预报可以帮助人们为危险情况做准备,例如洪水或台风。
Explain why farmers need accurate weather forecasts.
解释为什么农民需要准确的天气预报。
Explain why pilots need accurate weather forecasts.
解释为什么飞行员需要准确的天气预报。
These people are taking precautions against a typhoon that has been forecast.
这些人正在为已经预报的台风采取预防措施。
The weather depends on the pattern of air pressure around the world, which determines how the winds blow.
天气取决于全球气压的分布模式,而这种模式决定风如何吹。
Weather also depends on the temperature of the air and the oceans, which affect how much moisture is in the air.
天气还取决于空气和海洋的温度,因为它们会影响空气中含有多少水分。
Meteorologists cannot make changes to air pressure and temperature patterns to see how they affect the weather.
气象学家不能改变气压和温度模式来观察它们如何影响天气。
Instead, they use their knowledge of how liquids and gases behave to make computer models of the atmosphere.
相反,他们利用自己对液体和气体行为的了解,建立大气的计算机模型。
A model is a way of representing something else.
模型是一种表示其他事物的方法。
Computer weather models use information about the current weather conditions and make predictions about what will happen to the atmosphere in the future.
计算机天气模型使用当前天气状况的信息,并预测未来大气会发生什么。
Meteorologists test the predictions made by their models by comparing the forecasts with what actually happens to the weather.
气象学家通过把预报与实际发生的天气进行比较,来测试模型作出的预测。
If the predictions are not accurate, then the computer model will need changing.
如果预测不准确,那么这个计算机模型就需要修改。
Weather forecasters can use satellite images and computer technology to track typhoons and tornadoes.
天气预报员可以使用卫星图像和计算机技术来追踪台风和龙卷风。
Suggest three different measurements that need to be put into a computer weather model.
提出三种需要输入计算机天气模型的不同测量数据。
Compare how a scientist and meteorologist work with diagram B on page 104.
结合第 104 页的图 B,比较科学家和气象学家的工作方式。
📄 教材 p.115 · Careers in Meteorology
STEM Careers in Meteorology
气象学相关职业
People who want to be meteorologists go to university when they leave school.
想成为气象学家的人离开学校后通常会去上大学。
They may study meteorology, or they might study computer science, mathematics, physics or physical geography.
他们可能学习气象学,也可能学习计算机科学、数学、物理或自然地理。
Meteorologists need to develop many skills.
气象学家需要发展许多技能。
They must be able to understand and use computer models to make predictions.
他们必须能够理解并使用计算机模型来作出预测。
They must carefully analyse how well predictions match what actually happens.
他们必须仔细分析预测与实际发生情况的吻合程度。
They need to communicate information clearly with other scientists and with people who use weather forecasts.
他们需要与其他科学家以及使用天气预报的人清楚地交流信息。
Suggest why a university degree in computer science is useful for a meteorologist.
推测为什么计算机科学大学学位对气象学家有用。
Explain why good communication skills are essential for a meteorologist.
解释为什么良好的沟通技能对气象学家非常重要。
Why do you think meteorologists need to communicate with people in other countries?
你认为气象学家为什么需要与其他国家的人沟通?
Weather apps use symbols to show the weather.
天气应用使用符号来表示天气。
Meteorologists use symbols to communicate a lot of complicated information in a clear way, which is easy to understand.
气象学家使用符号,以清晰且容易理解的方式传达大量复杂信息。
The charts being used by the weather forecaster in photo B use diagrams and symbols to give information about air pressures and temperatures.
照片 B 中天气预报员使用的图表,通过图形和符号给出关于气压和温度的信息。
Diagram C uses symbols to present a weather forecast.
图 C 使用符号来呈现天气预报。
Chart D is a different kind of weather chart.
图表 D 是另一种天气图。
Each little dot and its tail shows the wind speed and direction in different places.
每一个小点和它的尾巴都表示不同地点的风速和风向。
Pilots use this kind of chart to help to work out how the wind will affect their flight.
飞行员使用这种图表来帮助判断风会如何影响他们的飞行。
Pilots' weather chart.
飞行员使用的天气图。
Why are there different kinds of weather chart?
为什么会有不同种类的天气图?
Make two large copies of map E and label one "morning" and one "afternoon".
复制两张大的地图 E,并把其中一张标为“上午”,另一张标为“下午”。
Add symbols to your maps to represent the weather forecast below.
在你的地图上添加符号,表示下面的天气预报。
Make a key to show what your symbols mean.
制作一个图例,说明你的符号是什么意思。
It will be a sunny morning in the north, and a cloudy afternoon with heavy rain.
北部上午晴朗,下午多云并有大雨。
The south will have some sunshine and some rain, and a dry, cloudy afternoon.
南部会有一些阳光和一些雨,下午干燥且多云。
Strong winds will blow from the south all day.
强风会整天从南方吹来。
📄 教材 p.116 · 7Ge Waste
There are many ways in which we can deal with our waste but they all have their problems.
我们有许多处理废物的方法,但每种方法都有自己的问题。
Recycling is better for the environment but can be expensive.
回收对环境更好,但可能很昂贵。
Landfill sites are good for getting rid of a lot of rubbish but are ugly, take up a lot of space and can cause pollution.
垃圾填埋场适合处理大量垃圾,但它们不好看,占用大量空间,并且可能造成污染。
There are other methods of dealing with waste.
还有其他处理废物的方法。
Incineration burns waste at high temperatures.
焚烧是在高温下燃烧废物。
The energy released can be used elsewhere, to generate electricity, for example.
释放出的能量可以用在其他地方,例如用来发电。
However, it is expensive, and the gases produced have to be controlled or they could cause problems.
不过,焚烧成本很高,而且产生的气体必须受到控制,否则可能造成问题。
Incineration releases waste gases.
焚烧会释放废气。
Glass can be recycled over and over again.
玻璃可以被一次又一次地回收利用。
Waste plant material can be composted, or rotted down.
废弃植物材料可以被制成堆肥,也就是被腐烂分解。
This can be done on a large scale.
这可以大规模进行。
The compost that is produced can be used to improve soil and reduce the use of fertiliser.
产生的堆肥可以用来改善土壤,并减少肥料的使用。
However, composting can also cause problems.
不过,堆肥也可能造成问题。
The rotting plant material produces heat and methane gas, which can catch fire.
腐烂的植物材料会产生热量和甲烷气体,而甲烷可能着火。
Hosing down a compost heap to put out fires.
用水管给堆肥堆浇水以扑灭火。
What is the main advantage of incineration?
焚烧的主要优点是什么?
Explain, using particle theory, why gases released by incinerators cause problems.
用粒子理论解释为什么焚烧炉释放出的气体会造成问题。
Explain in terms of particles how the recycled glass can be moulded.
从粒子的角度解释回收玻璃如何能够被塑形。
Explain why soot particles from a fire appear to "dance" about, if you examine them through a microscope.
如果你通过显微镜观察,解释为什么火产生的烟灰粒子看起来会“跳舞”。
Look at this hypothesis: The particles in a gas are very far apart, unlike in liquids and solids.
看这个假设:气体中的粒子彼此相距很远,这不同于液体和固体。
Make a prediction from this hypothesis and outline an experiment to test this prediction.
根据这个假设作出一个预测,并概述一个实验来测试这个预测。
In the UK, to dump waste at a landfill site, companies may need to pay a landfill tax.
在英国,公司如果要把废物倾倒到垃圾填埋场,可能需要支付垃圾填埋税。
To avoid this, some companies just dump their waste anywhere.
为了避免支付这笔费用,一些公司会随便把废物倒在任何地方。
This is called fly tipping.
这种行为叫作非法倾倒废物。
In some countries, people can be fined for fly tipping and/or go to prison.
在一些国家,人们可能会因为非法倾倒废物被罚款,或者入狱。
Do you think this is reasonable?
你认为这样合理吗?
💡 7Ge 出现的 7 个核心英文术语 · 含音标 / 词性 / 词源 / 教材原句 / 现代延伸 / 易错。
💨 气压
pressure
/ˈpreʃə(r)/
n.
压强、压力
词源拉丁 pressura = "挤压"(pressare 反复地压 + -ure 名词后缀)
教材"Pressure = force ÷ area. Its units are N/m² or Pa (pascal)."
延伸① blood pressure 血压 ② under pressure 有压力 ③ peer pressure 同辈压力
压强 ≠ 力:同样的 force,作用 area 越小、pressure 越大(针尖比手掌更易刺穿——同样道理)。
atmosphere
/ˈætməsfɪə(r)/
n.
大气;气氛
词源希腊 atmos(蒸气)+ sphaira(球)= "蒸气包裹的球"
教材"Atmospheric pressure decreases with altitude."(大气压强随海拔升高而减小)
延伸① 1 atm = 101 325 Pa ② friendly atmosphere 友好氛围 ③ 形容词 atmospheric
🌡️ 状态变化(相反过程)
evaporation
/ɪˌvæpəˈreɪʃn/
n.
蒸发(液→气)
词源拉丁 e-(出来)+ vapor(蒸气)= "化为蒸气出来"
教材"Water evaporates from oceans into the atmosphere."
延伸① evaporated milk 炼乳 ② 动词 evaporate ③ evaporative cooling 蒸发降温
evaporation ≠ boiling:evaporation 在任何温度发生(只在液面);boiling 必须达到沸点(整个液体内)。
condensation
/ˌkɒndenˈseɪʃn/
n.
凝结(气→液)
词源拉丁 con-(一起)+ densare(变密)= "聚集变密"
教材"Water vapour condenses to form clouds and rain."
延伸① 杯壁外的"水珠"= condensation ② 动词 condense ③ condensed milk 炼乳(也是浓缩)
evaporation ↔ condensation 是一对反过程:考题经常画雨循环图让你标——evaporation 上升、condensation 成云、precipitation 降下。
sublimation
/ˌsʌblɪˈmeɪʃn/
n.
升华(固→气,跳过液)
词源拉丁 sub-(下面)+ limen(门槛)→ sublimare "举到门槛之上" = "升起"
教材"Dry ice (solid CO₂) sublimes directly into gas."(干冰直接升华成气体)
延伸① 樟脑丸缩小 = sublimation ② 雪在 0 °C 以下变干 = sublimation ③ 动词 sublime / sublimate
跳过液体阶段:sublimation 是固↔气(双向),不经过液体;反过程叫 deposition 凝华。
🌦️ 天气预报
forecast
/ˈfɔːkɑːst/
n./v.
预报;预测
词源fore-(之前)+ cast(投掷)= "提前抛出(结论)"
教材"Meteorologists forecast the weather using satellite data."
延伸① weather forecast 天气预报 ② sales forecast 销售预测 ③ 过去式 forecast / forecasted(两种均可)
meteorology
/ˌmiːtiəˈrɒlədʒi/
n.
气象学
词源希腊 meteoron(天空中的东西)+ logia(学问)= "研究天空现象的学问"
教材"Meteorologists study atmospheric phenomena."
延伸① meteorologist 气象学家 ② meteor 流星(也是"天上掉下来的东西")③ meteorite 陨石