💡 句子级中英对照。
📄 教材 p.40 · 7Cb Muscles and Blood
HOW DO MUSCLES HELP WITH THE CIRCULATION OF BLOOD CELLS?
肌肉如何帮助血细胞循环?
Sports scientists use machines to measure how well an athlete's body copes with exercise. The machines record things like breathing rate and pulse rate.
运动科学家用机器测量运动员身体应付运动的能力——记录像呼吸频率和脉率这样的数据。
The data helps the scientists to see if training programmes are working.
数据帮助科学家判断训练计划是否有效。
Each time your heart pumps blood, it causes a pulse that you can feel in places like your wrist.
心脏每泵一次血,就在手腕等部位产生一次能感觉到的脉搏(pulse)。
Your pulse rate is the number of pulse beats you can feel in a minute.
你的脉率(pulse rate)是每分钟能感到的脉搏次数。
Inside the heart there are chambers that fill with blood.
心脏内部有装满血的心室(chambers)。
When the chambers are full, the muscle tissue in the wall of the heart contracts. This makes the chambers smaller, pumping the blood out of them.
心室装满血后,心壁的肌肉组织收缩——使心室变小,把血泵出去。
A | a sports scientist at work
图 A | 工作中的运动科学家
B | Heart muscle tissue contracts
图 B | 心肌组织收缩
Muscle tissue in the heart contracts to push blood through the heart and into blood vessels called arteries.
心脏里的肌肉组织收缩,把血推过心脏、进入叫动脉(arteries)的血管。
The left side of the heart has much more muscle than the right.
心脏左侧的肌肉比右侧多得多。
Fitter people have lower pulse rates than unfit people when resting. Most people have a pulse rate of 60–100 beats per minute. Athletes' pulse rates are often below 50 beats per minute.
越 fit 的人静息脉率越低。普通人脉率 60–100 次/分钟,运动员常常低于 50 次/分钟。
Q1 Suggest two measurements that are being taken from the athlete in photo A.
第 1 题 推测图 A 里运动员正在测量哪两项数据。(答:呼吸频率 breathing rate + 脉率 pulse rate,可能还有心率、血压等)
Q2 a) What is a pulse caused by? b) Hattie counts 16 pulses in her wrist in 15 seconds. What is her pulse rate?
第 2 题 a) 脉搏是由什么引起的?(答:心脏泵血) b) Hattie 15 秒数到 16 次脉搏,她的脉率?(答:16 × 4 = 64 次/分钟)
Q3 After blood has left the heart, what must the muscle tissue do so that the chambers can fill with blood again?
第 3 题 血离开心脏后,肌肉组织必须做什么让心室能再次装满血?(答:放松 relax——让心室扩大、血流入)
The heart pumps blood into blood vessels called arteries. The walls are thick and strong to withstand the high pressure of the blood from the heart.
心脏把血泵到叫动脉(arteries)的血管里。动脉壁厚而强——能承受心脏来的高压血液。
Arteries lead into tiny blood vessels called capillaries. Capillaries have very thin walls so that nutrients and oxygen can leave the blood and get to the cells in all the tissues in the body.
动脉通向叫毛细血管(capillaries)的微小血管。毛细血管壁非常薄——这样营养和氧气能离开血液到达全身组织的细胞。
Cells use these substances for respiration and to produce new materials for growth and repair.
细胞用这些物质进行呼吸作用,并产生新物质用于生长和修复。
The blood also picks up waste materials from cells as it travels through capillaries.
血液经过毛细血管时还会从细胞中带走废物。
It then flows into veins, which are wider, thin-walled tubes carrying blood back to the heart.
然后血液流入静脉(veins)——更宽、壁薄的管子,把血送回心脏。
Since veins are wider and have more flexible walls than arteries, the blood is under less pressure in veins and so flows more slowly.
因为静脉比动脉宽、壁更柔,静脉里的血压力小,流得更慢。
C | Substances move into and out of capillaries
图 C | 物质在毛细血管中进出(标签:food / nutrients / oxygen → cells;wastes such as carbon dioxide ← cells)
📄 教材 p.41 · 7Cb Blood + Double Circulatory System
Q4 Name one waste produced by cells.
第 4 题 说出细胞产生的一种废物。(答:二氧化碳 carbon dioxide,或尿素 urea 等)
Q5 a) What are the functions of arteries, capillaries and veins? b) How are capillaries adapted to their function?
第 5 题 a) 动脉、毛细血管、静脉的功能?(答:动脉送血离心;毛细血管让物质进出血液;静脉送血回心) b) 毛细血管如何适应功能?(答:壁极薄——让物质快速扩散)
Q6 Look carefully at diagrams B and D. Suggest why the left-hand side of the heart has more muscle tissue.
第 6 题 仔细看图 B 和 D。推测为什么心脏左侧肌肉更多。(答:左侧把血泵到全身,需要高压;右侧只泵到肺,距离近压力小,所以左侧需要更多肌肉产生更大压力)
D | Double circulatory system
图 D | 双循环系统
The bright red blood is carrying more oxygen than the dark red blood. A circulatory system with two main loops is a double circulatory system, and blood goes through the heart twice. If there is only one loop it is a single circulatory system.
鲜红色血含氧多,暗红色血含氧少。有两个主循环的叫双循环系统——血液两次通过心脏。只有一个循环的叫单循环系统。
Labels: blood from lungs in a vein / blood to lungs in an artery / capillaries in lungs / blood to rest of body in an artery / blood from rest of body in a vein / capillaries in small intestine / capillaries in leg / capillaries in other parts of the body.
标签:从肺回心脏的静脉血 / 心脏到肺的动脉血 / 肺里的毛细血管 / 心脏到全身的动脉血 / 全身回心脏的静脉血 / 小肠的毛细血管 / 腿的毛细血管 / 身体其他部位的毛细血管。
Blood is mainly a liquid called plasma. Nutrients and waste materials are carried by blood dissolved in the plasma.
血液主要是一种叫血浆(plasma)的液体。营养和废物溶解在血浆里被运输。
Oxygen is carried in cells called red blood cells. These cells lack nuclei, which allows the cytoplasm to be packed full of a substance called haemoglobin (hee-mow-glow-bin). The haemoglobin carries the oxygen.
氧气由红血细胞(red blood cells)携带。红血细胞没有细胞核——这让细胞质里能塞满一种叫血红蛋白(haemoglobin,读 hee-mow-glow-bin)的物质。血红蛋白携带氧气。
The cells have a curved disc shape, which gives them a large surface area. This means that oxygen can quickly get into and out of the cells.
这些细胞是弯曲的盘形——给它们大的表面积。这样氧气能快速进出细胞。
E | a red blood cell (×6000)
图 E | 一个红血细胞(放大 ×6000)
Red blood cells are made inside your bones, in a tissue called bone marrow. Blood contains other cells too.
红血细胞在骨头里产生——所在的组织叫骨髓(bone marrow)。血液里还有其他细胞。
White blood cells, which are used to fight infections and keep you healthy, are also made in bone marrow.
白血细胞(white blood cells)用来对抗感染、保持你健康——它们也在骨髓里产生。
F | cross-section through a bone
图 F | 骨头的剖面(标签:bone marrow tissue 骨髓组织)
A red blood cell only lasts for about 120 days. We need so many of them that an adult produces about 200 000 000 000 (200 billion) red blood cells every day.
一个红血细胞只能活约 120 天。我们需要很多——成人每天大约产生 2000 亿(200 billion)个红血细胞。
Q7 Explain the differences in pressure between blood going away from the heart and returning to the heart.
第 7 题 解释离开心脏和回到心脏的血液在压力上的差异。(答:离心 = 动脉,压力高,因心脏强力泵出;回心 = 静脉,压力低,因经过毛细血管阻力大、血管壁柔软)
Q8 a) List three main parts of the blood. b) What does each part do? c) Where are blood cells made? d) How are red blood cells adapted to their function?
第 8 题 a) 列出血液 3 大组成。(plasma、red blood cells、white blood cells) b) 各自做什么?(血浆运输营养/废物;红血细胞带氧;白血细胞抗感染) c) 血细胞在哪造?(骨髓 bone marrow) d) 红血细胞如何适应?(无核 + 盘形大表面积 + 含血红蛋白)
Q9 A chicken has a double circulatory system. Explain what this means.
第 9 题 鸡有双循环系统。解释什么意思。(答:鸡的血两次通过心脏——一次去肺、一次去全身)
describe the functions of the different parts of the human double circulatory system
描述人体双循环系统不同部分的功能
describe the functions of the different parts of blood, and where the cells are made
描述血液不同组成的功能,以及血细胞在哪里产生
📄 教材 p.42 · 7Cb Scientific Questions (WS)
WHAT ARE SCIENTIFIC QUESTIONS?
什么是科学问题?
A Roman doctor called Galen (129–200 CE) said that the liver looked like blood and so blood must be made in the liver.
罗马医生 Galen(盖伦,公元 129–200 年)说肝看起来像血,所以血一定是肝里造的。
He also thought that the body used up blood and that the heart had to beat in order to 'attract' blood into it.
他还认为身体把血用掉了,心脏跳动是为了把血"吸"进心脏。
Blood in the heart then mixed with oxygen from the lungs and formed a different type of blood that travelled to all the parts of the body, where it was used up.
他认为心脏里的血和肺来的氧气混合,形成另一种血,传到全身被用掉。
Galen did not know about capillaries because they are too small to see without magnifying them.
Galen 不知道毛细血管的存在——它们太小,不放大根本看不到。
Galen was so famous that people believed him for another 1500 years! Believing what someone says is one way to gain knowledge but it is not how modern scientists work.
Galen 太有名,人们相信他又 1500 年!相信权威是获取知识的一种方式,但不是现代科学家的工作方式。
Scientists often use the scientific method to gain knowledge (see pages 22–23). They ask questions and come up with ideas (hypotheses). They keep testing those hypotheses to see if they are correct or whether they need changing.
科学家用科学方法获取知识(见 p.22–23)。他们提问题、想出主意(假设 hypotheses),不断检验这些假设——看对不对,需不需要修改。
Scientists often start by thinking up questions about observations they have made. Galen observed hearts moving and asked 'Why do hearts beat?'
科学家常常从观察出发想出问题。Galen 看到心脏在动,就问"为什么心脏会跳?"
William Harvey (1578–1657) asked the same question but he thought that the heart was a pump. Unlike Galen, he tested his idea.
William Harvey(哈维,1578–1657)问同样的问题,但他认为心脏是一个泵。和 Galen 不同,他测试了自己的想法。
For example, he squashed an animal heart with his hand and made it move some water. This showed that the heart could act as a pump, and that it only pumped liquids in one direction.
比如他用手挤动物心脏,让它推动水。这证明心脏可作为泵——而且只单向泵液体。
He then did a famous calculation. Harvey calculated that so much blood comes out of the heart each day that it would be impossible for the liver to make it all.
然后他做了一个著名的计算——发现心脏每天泵出的血量极大,肝不可能都造出来。
Harvey's work led him to the theory that blood was not used up but flowed away from the heart in arteries and then back towards it in veins.
Harvey 的研究让他得出理论:血并没有被用掉,而是从心脏经动脉流出,再经静脉流回心脏。
This theory of blood circulation predicted the existence of other tubes connecting arteries to veins. Capillaries were later discovered in 1661 by Marcello Malpighi (1628–1694).
这个血液循环理论预测存在连接动脉和静脉的其他管道。毛细血管后来于 1661 年由 Marcello Malpighi(马尔比基)发现。
Q1 Where are blood cells actually made?
第 1 题 血细胞实际上在哪里产生?(答:骨髓 bone marrow——不是肝脏!)
📄 教材 p.43 · 7Cb Method + Types of Question
Method — Harvey's calculation
方法 — Harvey 的计算
A | Hold two fingers firmly on your wrist. You should feel your pulse.
A | 用两根手指紧按手腕,能感到脉搏。
B | Count the pulse beats you feel in 15 seconds. Multiply this by four — this gives your pulse rate in beats per minute.
B | 数 15 秒内的脉搏次数,乘以 4 → 你每分钟的脉率。
C | Harvey measured the volume of the big left-hand chamber of the heart in dead bodies. The volume of this chamber in you is about 130 cm³. This volume falls to about half that when your heart muscle contracts. Use this information to work out the volume of blood your heart pumps each minute.
C | Harvey 在尸体上测量心脏左大心室的体积——约 130 cm³。心肌收缩时体积减少到一半。用这个信息算出心脏每分钟泵血量。
D | Now work out the volume of blood your heart pumps each day.
D | 现在算出心脏每天的泵血量。
Q2 Arwa's pulse rate is 65 beats per minute. Using the information in step C, work out the volume of blood her heart pumps each hour.
第 2 题 Arwa 脉率 65 次/分钟。用步骤 C 的信息算她心脏每小时泵血量。(答:每次收缩泵出 65 cm³(130 的一半)× 65 次/分 = 4225 cm³/分 × 60 = 253 500 cm³/小时 ≈ 253.5 L/小时)
Q3 What prediction did Harvey make using his theory about circulation?
第 3 题 Harvey 用他的循环理论做了什么预测?(答:动脉和静脉之间一定有连接管——即毛细血管)
Q4 In what way did Harvey act more scientifically than Galen?
第 4 题 Harvey 比 Galen 更科学的方面是什么?(答:Harvey 测试了自己的想法、做实验和计算;Galen 只是想象然后让别人相信)
Q5 Think up a scientific question about the liver.
第 5 题 想一个关于肝脏的科学问题。(开放题,如"肝在分解药物时温度会升高吗?")
The question 'Why do hearts beat?' is a scientific question. A scientific question is one that can be answered again and again using information from experiments and investigations.
"为什么心脏会跳?"是一个科学问题(scientific question)——可以通过实验和调查反复回答。
Some scientific questions have not been answered because we do not yet have the right technology or because we have not done enough experiments. For example, "What do the newly discovered MSC cells do in the heart?"
有些科学问题还没答案——技术不够或者实验做得不够。例如"新发现的 MSC 细胞在心脏里做什么?"
Other questions are not scientific because they cannot be answered using investigations or experiments.
其他问题不是科学问题——因为它们不能通过调查或实验回答。
These include ethical questions, which are questions about what people think is fair or right or wrong.
这包括伦理问题(ethical questions)——关于人们认为什么是公平、对、错的问题。
D | different types of questions
图 D | 不同类型的问题
Examples: "Should we treat this patient?" (ethical) / "Why is this patient's pulse rate so high?" (scientific) / "Would we look better wearing a darker blue colour?" (non-scientific, subjective) / "Why is this patient's blood pressure so high?" (scientific).
例子:"我们应该治疗这位病人吗?"(伦理)/ "这位病人的脉率为何这么高?"(科学)/ "我们穿深蓝色会不会更好看?"(非科学,主观判断)/ "这位病人血压为何这么高?"(科学)
Q6 Say whether each is a hypothesis, a prediction, an ethical question, scientific or non-scientific:
A. Are parts of a taxi driver's brain bigger than average?
B. Should William Harvey have killed animals to use for his experiments?
C. Do older people generally have lower pulse rates than younger people?
D. Do roses smell nicer than freesia flowers?
E. Does exercise affect your pulse rate?
第 6 题 判断每个问题是哪类。
A. 出租车司机大脑某些部分比平均更大吗?(scientific——可用 MRI 测)
B. Harvey 杀动物做实验是对的吗?(ethical)
C. 老人脉率通常比年轻人低吗?(scientific——可测量)
D. 玫瑰比小苍兰更香吗?(non-scientific——主观)
E. 运动会影响脉率吗?(scientific——可测量)
describe the role of scientific questions in the scientific method
描述科学问题在科学方法中的作用
identify scientific, non-scientific and ethical questions
识别科学问题、非科学问题、伦理问题