💡 罗马只让男性公民投票，跟Athens 直接民主（G2）一样限制。但罗马投票面比 Athens 还窄： ① 女人不能投（同 Athens） ② 奴隶不能投（同 Athens） ③ 非公民不能投（Plebeian 是公民可以，但被征服地的"非公民"不行——这就是 R2 学的 Auxiliary 25 年服役换公民身份的诱饵） ④ 计票方式不公平：富人的票算"几票"，穷人的票算"一票"——投票权重倾向 Patrician 👉 罗马投票是"形式民主"—— 看起来"人人参政"，但实质上 Patrician 控制一切。现代民主继承了"投票权"形式，逐步扩展到所有人（女性投票权 → 20 世纪初）。
📌 本节考点：① 3 阶级名字 + 各自能否投票 ② Patrician = 富 + 能投，Plebeian = 穷 + 能投，Slave = 不是公民不能投 ③ 女人不能投。
✅ 学完小检查（3 题）
1. 我能背 3 阶级英文名 + 谁能投票
2. 我能区分 Plebeian（公民）和 Slave（非公民）
3. 我能说出女人在罗马的政治地位（不能投票）
💡 教材原句中英对照（L7 PPT 第 5 页）。
📄 课件 · Government and Society（PPT 第 5 页）
From 48 BC Julius Caesar became the first emperor of Rome. Emperors could listen to the advice of the senate.
公元前 48 年，尤利乌斯·凯撒成为罗马第一个皇帝（简化说法）。皇帝可以听取元老院的建议。
People were divided into different classes:
人民被分成不同阶级：
Patricians were wealthy citizens of Rome. They usually lived in grand houses and had slaves to do their work for them. Because they were citizens of Rome they were allowed to go to the Assembly to vote.
Plebeians were not wealthy but they were citizens of Rome. They were usually craftsmen or tradesmen and they worked for a living. Because they were citizens of Rome they were allowed to go to the Assembly to vote.
Slaves had no money, no rights, no freedom and were not citizens of Rome. Because they were not citizens of Rome they were not allowed to go to the Assembly to vote.
奴隶没钱、没权利、没自由，不是罗马公民。因为他们不是罗马公民，所以不能去公民大会投票。
Women and slaves were not allowed in the Assembly and could not vote.
"Wealthy Romans ate in the triclinium. The triclinium was a formal dining room with 3 couches around one square table. Romans who ate here, ate in a reclining position."
"For wealthy Romans, dinner parties were a chance to show off wealth and status. They often had musicians, dancers, poets, or even gladiator fights. Slaves would usually serve the food. They sometimes tested the food to check for poison!"
Cena 的"3 道菜"（罗马高级菜单）
富人 Cena 通常有 3 道菜（PPT 第 1 页菜单展示）：
Gustatio 开胃菜—— 鱼酱蛋 / 牡蛎 / 蜗牛
Cena 主菜—— 烤孔雀 / 烤睡鼠 / 炖肉
Secundae Mensae 甜品—— 蜂蜜葡萄 / 蜂蜜蛋糕
🍸 Dinner Party 5 大特征
展示财富 + 地位—— 越奇怪越贵越好（孔雀、睡鼠）
娱乐—— 音乐家 / 舞者 / 诗人 / 甚至小型角斗士（在家里！）
奴隶伺候—— 上菜 + 倒酒 + 收拾
试毒—— 奴隶先尝食物，防止主人被毒杀（罗马政治斗争激烈）
9 个客人—— 标准 9 人（3 长椅 × 3 人）—— 罗马人觉得 9 是"完美数字"
🍷 Wine 葡萄酒文化
罗马人每天喝酒—— 包括小孩
但兑水—— 罗马人觉得"纯酒"是野蛮（凯尔特人 / 日耳曼人才纯喝）
葡萄酒分等级—— 富人喝陈年 Falernian（顶级），穷人喝便宜 posca（醋酒）
没有啤酒—— 罗马人觉得啤酒是蛮族饮料（不在乎大麦发酵）
为什么富人 Cena 要"奴隶试毒"？
💡 罗马政治谋杀盛行： ① 毒杀是政治常见手段—— Nero 毒杀继兄；Augustus 据说被妻子 Livia 毒死 ② 家里宴会是最易下毒的场合—— 厨师 / 仆人都可能被收买 ③ 奴隶试毒—— 先吃一口，等几分钟没事再给主人 ④ "Praegustator"（试毒奴隶）是专职岗位—— 但很多死亡 👉 罗马富人活得不安心—— 财富越多越要防暗杀。这就是为什么 R5 学的"Emperor inexperienced and corrupt"—— 很多皇帝非自然死亡。罗马 500 年帝国，但一半皇帝是被刺/被毒/被自杀。
📌 本节考点：① 3 顿饭拉丁名（ientaculum/prandium/cena）+ 时间 ② Cena dinner parties 5 大特征 ③ Slaves test for poison。
✅ 学完小检查（3 题）
1. 我能背 3 顿饭拉丁名 + 时间
2. 我能说出富人 dinner party 至少 3 个特征
3. 我能解释为什么富人要"奴隶试毒"
💡 教材原句中英对照（L6 PPT 第 6 + 7 页）。
📄 课件 · 3 顿饭（PPT 第 6 页）
Both wealthy and poor Romans ate these meals:
富人和穷人都吃这些餐：
Breakfast (ientaculum) at sunrise. A simple meal of bread, cheese and fresh fruit.
早餐 (ientaculum) 在日出时。简单的面包、奶酪、新鲜水果。
Lunch (prandium) at noon.
午餐 (prandium) 在中午。
📄 课件 · Dinner Parties（PPT 第 7 页）
For wealthy Romans, dinner parties were a chance to show off wealth and status.
对富罗马人，晚宴是炫耀财富和地位的机会。
They often had musicians, dancers, poets, or even gladiator fights.
他们经常有音乐家、舞者、诗人、甚至角斗士打斗。
Slaves would usually serve the food. They sometimes tested the food to check for poison!
奴隶通常上菜。他们有时试菜检查毒！
💡 R4c 出现的 8 个核心英文术语 · 3 顿饭拉丁名 + 时间 + 宴会词。
🍳 3 顿饭（拉丁餐名）
ientaculum/jenˈtækʊləm/n. (拉丁)早餐
词源拉丁 ieiunium（禁食）+ -culum = "解除禁食的小餐"—— 跟英语 breakfast（break + fast 打破禁食）逻辑一样
教材"Breakfast (ientaculum) at sunrise."
延伸同根 jejune（贫乏的、空洞的）—— 古怪文学词，源自"空腹"
同义breakfast（英语对应词）
prandium/ˈprændiəm/n. (拉丁)午餐
词源拉丁 prandium（中午的简餐）—— 词源不太清晰，可能跟 "早上吃"有关
教材"Lunch (prandium) at noon."
延伸意大利语 pranzo、西班牙语 almuerzo 都来自 prandium
同义lunch（英语对应词）
cena/ˈkeɪnə/n. (拉丁)正餐、晚餐（重头戏）
词源拉丁 cena（主餐）—— 罗马早期 cena 在中午吃，后来移到傍晚
教材"Dinner (cena) in the evening … 富人 cena 有 musicians, dancers, gladiator fights"
延伸意大利语 cena、西班牙语 cena 至今表示"晚餐"
3 餐难记口诀：日 i 出（ientaculum 早 + sunrise）→ 正 p 午（prandium 午 + noon）→ 晚 c ena（cena 晚 + evening）。
⏰ 时间词
sunrise/ˈsʌnraɪz/n.日出
词源sun（太阳）+ rise（升起）—— 古英语复合词
教材"Breakfast at sunrise."
延伸① sunset 日落 ② at the crack of dawn 黎明时分 ③ dawn / daybreak 同义
① Atrium 中庭—— "The central hall of the house. For light. Sometimes there would be no roof and rainwater would be collected in a shallow pool."
💡 房子正中央的大厅 + 屋顶有洞—— 雨水从洞落下进浅池子（叫 impluvium）。光照 + 储水。
INSULAE: These were city apartments. Shops were below and people shared toilets. Mostly used by plebeians.
公寓楼：城市公寓。底层是商铺，住户共用厕所。主要给平民。
DOMUS (in the city) and VILLA (in the countryside): These were private homes for the wealthier patricians.
城市富宅（在城里）和乡村别墅（在乡下）：富裕的贵族住的私人住宅。
📄 L7 第 9 页 · 详细描述
Poor Romans lived in insulae. An insula had six to eight three-storey apartment blocks, grouped around a central courtyard. The ground floors were used by shops and businesses while the upper floors were rented as living space.
穷罗马人住公寓楼。一组 insula 有 6-8 栋三层公寓楼围成 1 个中央庭院。一楼是商铺，楼上租给人住。
Rich Romans lived in a single-storey dwelling called a domus. A domus was very grand – with marble pillars, statues, plaster or mosaic walls and mosaic floors.
延伸① mosaic floor 马赛克地板 ② mosaic of cultures 文化拼图 ③ Mosaic 浏览器（90 年代）
同根museum 博物馆、music 音乐 —— 都来自缪斯女神
📝 学习内容
第一部分：Toga 长袍（5 种颜色 = 5 种身份）
👔 Toga 基本信息（PPT L7 第 7 页）
谁能穿：只有罗马成年男性公民（"Only male citizens of Rome were allowed to wear togas"）
材料：羊毛 wool（made out of wool）
怎么穿：不缝不别针，缠在身上 + 搭一条胳膊上（"draped around the body and over one arm"）
问题：又大又贵 + 难穿 + 走路不方便—— 穷人不爱穿（虽然有权穿）
🎨 Toga 5 种颜色（必背）
颜色
谁穿
纯白 Plain white
所有罗马成年男性公民 ✅ 标准
米白 + 紫色边
magistrates 行政官 + 上层男孩
深色羊毛（暗色）
追悼穿（someone had died）
漂白
politicians 政客（特意亮白显眼）
紫色 + 金线刺绣
victorious general 凯旋将军 + 后期皇帝
👉 颜色 = 身份。穿对颜色，你的地位别人一眼就懂。穿错（如平民穿紫色），违法。
第二部分：Public Health 公共健康（PPT L7 第 4 页）
"The Romans were the first civilization to introduce a public health system. They had to do this because Rome had grown in size."
💧 公共健康 3 大设施
① Aqueducts 引水道—— "Built to transport fresh water into the city."
💡 已 R2 学过—— 把干净的山泉水运到罗马城。
② Sewers 下水道—— "A network of sewers was built to take waste out of the city to the river Tiber. There were also public lavatories 公厕."
💡 罗马最有名的下水道：Cloaca Maxima（最大下水道），从 6 BC 用到今天 2000 年！罗马已建有公厕（用 sewers 冲水）。
③ Public Baths 公共浴场—— "Places where people could go to wash, meet and discuss business. Hot and cold baths + massage rooms."
💡 已 R3 学过—— 既是娱乐也是卫生。
例题：Name and describe the 3 main classes in Roman society.
怎么答 · 3 步：
列 3 个英文名 + 中文
每个说财富 + 公民身份 + 投票权
补 1 句女人不能投
✅ 满分示范："① Patricians: wealthy citizens with grand houses and slaves; could vote. ② Plebeians: poor but still citizens (craftsmen/tradesmen); could vote. ③ Slaves: no money, no rights, not citizens; could not vote. Women in all classes could not vote."
⚖️ 题型 2：Compare 富人 vs 穷人
例题：Compare what wealthy and poor Romans ate, and where they ate.
怎么答 · 3 步：
先 where：triclinium vs thermopolia / taverns
再 posture：reclining vs upright
最后 what：peacock/dormouse vs pottage/bread
✅ 满分示范："Wealthy Romans ate in the triclinium (a formal dining room with 3 couches), in a reclining position, enjoying exotic foods like peacock, dormouse, oysters, garum and wine. Poor Romans, with no kitchens at home, ate at food stalls (thermopolia) or taverns, standing upright, eating simple food like pottage (stew), bread, cheese and eggs."
🍽️ 题型 3：Name 3 顿饭
例题：Name the 3 Roman meals in order and their Latin names.
怎么答 · 3 步：
列拉丁名 + 英文
每个加时间
突出 cena 是主餐
✅ 满分示范："① Ientaculum (breakfast) at sunrise — bread, cheese, fresh fruit. ② Prandium (lunch) at noon — small and quick. ③ Cena (dinner) — the main meal, from afternoon to evening. For wealthy Romans, cena could become a dinner party with musicians, dancers, and slaves testing for poison."
🏠 题型 4：Describe 3 种住房
例题：Compare Insulae and Domus.
怎么答 · 3 步：
谁住：Plebeian vs Patrician
结构：3 层公寓 vs 单层私宅
设施：共用厕所 vs 大理石+mosaic+hypocaust
✅ 满分示范："Insulae were 3-storey city apartment buildings used by Plebeians. Shops were on the ground floor; upper floors were rented for living. They shared toilets and were prone to fire. Domus were single-storey private homes for wealthy Patricians, with marble pillars, mosaic floors, and luxuries like hypocaust (underfloor heating) and an atrium (central hall with skylight + rainwater pool)."
👔 题型 5：Toga 颜色配身份
例题：Match Toga colors to who wore them.
怎么答 · 3 步：
列 5 种颜色 + 5 种身份
用 → 箭头配对
提到 only male citizens 能穿
✅ 满分示范："Only male citizens could wear togas. Plain white → all adult male citizens. Off-white with purple border → magistrates and upper-class boys. Dark wool → mourning (after a death). Bleached → politicians. Purple with gold embroidery → victorious generals and later emperors."
📌 R4 章 3 个高分关键：
① 拉丁名拼对（triclinium / ientaculum / prandium / cena / insulae / domus / villa / atrium / cubiculum / culina）
② 富人 vs 穷人对比结构（用 "whereas / However"）
③ 女人不能投票常被遗漏 — 写阶级题一定要加这句