延伸① hermetic adj. 密封的(炼金术士 Hermes Trismegistus 名字) ② 法国奢侈品牌 Hermès 爱马仕 ③ hermeneutics n. 解释学
📝 学习内容
核心理解:奥运不是单纯体育——是给 Zeus 的宗教节日
📅 4 个关键事实
776 BC:第一届奥运
每 4 年一届(every four years)
在 Olympia 奥林匹亚(不是 Mt. Olympus!Olympia 在 Peloponnese 半岛西部)
纪念 Zeus—— Olympia 是 Zeus 的圣地
⚠️ 易混陷阱: Mt. Olympus = 神居住的山(希腊北部,2917 m) Olympia = 奥运起源城市(希腊南部 Peloponnese,是 Zeus 圣地)
两个不同的地方!考试一定要区分。
🛐 既是体育,也是宗教(PPT 第 14 页)
"It was both a sporting and a religious festival. Olympia was associated with Zeus, the king of the gods, and the Olympic Games were held in his honour."
所以古代奥运同时有两套活动:
宗教活动(Religious Events)
体育活动(Sporting Events)
🐂 Sacrifices to Zeus 献祭给 Zeus
🏇 Horse and chariot racing 赛马 + 战车赛
📜 Oath-making 在 Zeus 像前宣誓
🤼 Combat sports: wrestling / boxing 摔跤 / 拳击
🙏 Prayers 祈祷
🏃 Running events 跑步(在 stadium 跑道上)
🎵 Singing of hymns 唱赞歌
🥏 Discus 铁饼
🏛️ Visiting the Temple of Zeus 参观 Zeus 神庙
🗡️ Javelin 标枪
🔮 Consulting oracles 问神谕
🏃 Long jump 跳远
👥 谁能参加?(PPT 第 15-16 页)
"Only men were allowed to compete.Married women were excluded from entry. Most men competed naked!"
只有男人能比赛(回扣 G2:跟 Athens 民主一样,男性 only)
已婚妇女不准进场看(未婚女子可以——这是希腊文化的奇特细节)
多数项目裸竞(展示运动员的健美身体;"gymnastics" 来自 gymnos = naked)
男人来自希腊各城邦(Athens / Sparta / Thebes / Corinth 等)
🕊️ 和平停战(Peace Truce)
"Before each Olympic Games Festival began, messengers were sent out to make an announcement to all of the main city-states. The messengers made a call for a peace truce in the Greek world. This meant that any ongoing wars or fighting should be called off in order that people could travel to Olympia."
👉 这是奥运最伟大的传统之一。希腊城邦之间长年互斗(Athens vs Sparta vs Thebes),但奥运期间必须停战。让所有人安全去 Olympia。
现代奥运借鉴了这个传统——但不一定遵守(如 1980 / 1984 的冷战抵制)。
📜 奥运历史时间线(PPT 第 14, 18 页)
776 BC第一届奥运。从此每 4 年一届,持续 1000 多年。
AD 393罗马皇帝 Theodosius I 禁止奥运。当时罗马已基督教化,认为奥运是"异教"活动。他的士兵毁坏 Zeus 神庙,Olympia 沦为废墟。
1503 年Olympia 遗迹被埋没几百年。
1896现代奥运在 Athens 复兴。法国人 Baron Pierre de Coubertin 顾拜旦 提出。他设计了5 环 logo + 写了 Olympic Creed 奥运誓言。
今天
奥运依然是世界最大体育盛会之一,每 4 年一届(夏季 + 冬季交替每 2 年一届)。
🔄 古代 vs 现代奥运对比
维度
古代
现代
开始
776 BC
1896 AD
地点
固定在 Olympia
每届换城市
参赛者
只有男人 + 希腊人
所有性别 + 全世界
服装
多数裸竞
有制服
性质
宗教 + 体育
纯世俗
奖品
橄榄叶冠
金 / 银 / 铜牌
停战
强制
象征性
为什么现代奥运不让运动员"裸竞"?
💡 文化差异: ① 古希腊:身体崇拜——希腊雕塑都是裸体,认为健美身体是神圣的。运动员裸竞是致敬神的方式。 ② 基督教:身体羞耻——罗马帝国基督教化(4 世纪)后,禁止公开裸露。这是奥运被禁止的原因之一。 ③ 现代:实用主义——制服可以分队、防晒、贴广告。 👉 "奥运"的形式变了,精神也变了。Coubertin 1896 复兴的不是古代奥运本身,而是"国际竞技 + 友谊"的精神。
PPT 第 18 页说罗马 Theodosius I 因为"异教"禁了奥运——基督教和希腊神有什么矛盾?
💡 几个层面冲突: ① 多神 vs 一神:希腊有 12+ 神,基督教只信 1 个上帝。"信别神 = 偶像崇拜",基督教大忌。 ② 身体崇拜 vs 灵魂中心:希腊崇拜健美身体(奥运),基督教强调灵魂超越肉体。 ③ 世俗 + 神性混合:奥运是"运动 + 宗教"混在一起;基督教要求纯粹的宗教。 所以 Theodosius I 关停奥运不是"反体育",而是"反多神宗教"。同时期他也关闭了 Delphi Oracle 和其他希腊神庙——这是古希腊文明终结的标志事件。U2 罗马会展开这个转折。
📌 本节必记 4 个数字:① 776 BC ② 每 4 年 ③ AD 393 禁 ④ 1896 复兴。5 个项目:horse racing / wrestling / boxing / running / discus / javelin。
✅ 学完小检查(3 题)
1. 我能说出奥运 4 关键事实(776 BC / 4 年 / Olympia / Zeus)
2. 我能区分 Mt. Olympus(神山)和 Olympia(奥运地)
3. 我能说出现代奥运由谁 / 何时复兴(Coubertin / 1896)
💡 教材原句中英对照(L6 PPT 第 12-18 页 Olympic 主体)。
📄 PPT 第 12 页 · 奥运简介
The Olympics is one of the major legacies from Ancient Greek times.
奥运是古希腊时代留下的主要遗产之一。
The modern Olympic Games are based on events that took place thousands of years ago in a part of Ancient Greece called Olympia.
现代奥运基于几千年前在古希腊一个叫奥林匹亚的地方举办的活动。
📄 PPT 第 14 页 · 4 关键事实
The first official Olympic Games happened in 776 BC and took place once every four years.
第一届正式奥运发生在公元前 776 年,每 4 年一届。
It was both a sporting and a religious festival.
它既是体育也是宗教节日。
Olympia was associated with Zeus, the king of the gods, and the Olympic Games were held in his honour.
奥林匹亚和众神之王宙斯相关,奥运是为了纪念他而举办的。
📄 PPT 第 15-16 页 · 参赛资格
Only men were allowed to compete.
只有男人能比赛。
Married women were excluded from entry.
已婚妇女不能进入。
Most men competed naked!
多数男人裸体比赛!
📄 PPT 第 15 页 · 和平停战
The messengers made a call for a peace truce in the Greek world. This meant that any ongoing wars or fighting should be called off in order that people could travel to Olympia.
信使在希腊世界呼吁和平停战。意思是所有进行中的战争或战斗都应停止,让人们能旅行到奥林匹亚。
📄 PPT 第 17 页 · 活动内容
Religious Events: Sacrifices to Zeus / Oath-making in front of a statue of Zeus / Prayers / Singing of hymns / Visiting the Temple of Zeus / Consulting 'oracles' who were believed to be able to see the future.
Sporting Events: Horse and chariot racing / Combat sports (wrestling/boxing) / Running events on a track in the stadium / Athletics events (discus, javelin and...)
教材"The modern Olympic Games are based on events that took place thousands of years ago in a part of Ancient Greece called Olympia."
事实① 古奥运举办地(不在 Athens!)② 现代奥运圣火在这里点燃 ③ AD 393 被罗马皇帝禁后沦为废墟,1875 年被考古发现
三胞胎区分(高频考点): ① Olympia(地)= 办奥运的地方,在希腊南部 ② Olympus(山)= 神住的山,在希腊北部 ③ Olympic(形容词)= "奥运的",如 Olympic Games / medal ④ Olympiad(周期)= 两届奥运之间的 4 年 三个地点完全不同!考试常考"奥运在 Mt. Olympus 举行 ✗"。
Olympics/əˈlɪmpɪks/n.奥运会
词源来自地名 Olympia + -ic(属于)= "奥林匹亚的(运动会)"
教材"The Olympics is one of the major legacies from Ancient Greek times."(奥运是古希腊主要遗产之一)
延伸① Summer Olympics 夏奥 ② Winter Olympics 冬奥 ③ Olympic torch 奥运圣火 ④ Olympic creed 奥运誓言
Olympiad/əˈlɪmpiæd/n.奥林匹克周期(4 年)
词源希腊 Olympias = "Olympia 的(4 年周期)"
教材"The first official Olympic Games happened in 776 BC and took place once every four years."(这 4 年就叫 Olympiad)
延伸① 古希腊用 Olympiad 纪年("第 X 届 Olympiad 第几年")② Math Olympiad 数学奥林匹克 ③ 2024 Paris = 第 33 届 Olympiad
🏃 运动员 + 场地
athlete/ˈæθliːt/n.运动员
词源希腊 athletes(参加比赛领奖品的人)← athlon(奖品 / 比赛)
教材"Most men competed naked!"(古希腊运动员裸体比赛)
延伸① athletic adj. 运动的 ② athletics n. 田径 ③ decathlon 十项全能(deca-=十) ④ triathlon 铁人三项(tri-=三)
stadium/ˈsteɪdiəm/n.体育场
词源希腊 stadion = "约 192 米的跑道长度"(古希腊计量单位,后变 = 跑步场地)
教材"Running events on a track in the stadium."(在体育场跑道上跑步)
延伸① 古希腊奥林匹亚 stadium 跑道长 192 米 ② football stadium 足球场 ③ 复数特殊:stadia 或 stadiums 都对
"There were many famous thinkers from Ancient Greek times. Three of the most famous philosophers were all connected by being students of one another."
🔗 师生链(必背)
Socrates → Plato → Aristotle → Alexander the Great
Plato 是 Socrates 的学生
Aristotle 是 Plato 的学生
Alexander the Great(G2 学过)是 Aristotle 的学生
👉 4 代人 = 200 年传承,覆盖了希腊哲学的黄金时期
🧠 三位大哲学家详解
470-399 BC · 71 岁
① Socrates 苏格拉底
3 个核心思想
Socratic Method 苏格拉底法:"people learn best using a question-and-answer teaching technique"——人通过问答学得最好。不是老师"灌输",而是不停反问学生,让学生自己想清楚。
问万事:"The world can be better understood by asking questions about everything, such as 'What is friendship?', 'Can we improve the government?', 'Are the gods real?'"——任何事都可以问,包括神是否存在!这就是为什么他被告。
追求 goodness and justice 善与正义,比有钱有权更重要。
其他事实
出生在 Athens 雅典(不是 Macedon,是 Athens)
外号 "The Monkey 猴子"—— 因为长得丑
曾经做过 hoplite 步兵(回扣 G3)参战,以勇敢著称
从不写书——他的思想都通过学生 Plato 传下来
399 BC 被处死(回扣 G2):罪名 "腐蚀青年 + 不敬神",喝 hemlock 毒堇 自杀
427-347 BC · 80 岁
② Plato 柏拉图
3 个核心思想
分工社会:"A society works well when each person does the job they are suited for"——一个社会有效运作的关键是每个人做适合他/她的工作。
哲学家王 Philosopher-King:"Countries should ideally be ruled by philosopher-kings"——国家最好由哲学家统治(因为他们最有智慧)。这是对 G2 直接民主的批评——民主让无知的多数说了算,导致 Socrates 被处死。
感官 + 不确定性:"Our senses are important in affecting the way we understand the world around us but there is a lot we do not understand"——我们看 / 听 / 摸的感官有限,世界比我们看到的复杂得多。
📌 本节考点:① 师生链 Socrates → Plato → Aristotle → Alexander ② 3 人各 1 个核心思想 ③ Socrates 怎么死的 + 为什么(回扣 G2)④ Plato 的 Academy = 最早的大学。
✅ 学完小检查(3 题)
1. 我能背师生链 Socrates → Plato → Aristotle → Alexander
2. 我能各说出 3 人 1 个核心思想
3. 我能解释 Socrates 怎么死的 + 为什么(罪名 + 处死方式)
💡 教材原句中英对照(L7 Philosophy.pptx + Socrates doc)。
📄 课件 · 三人组介绍(Philosophy PPT 第 1 页)
During Ancient Greek times there were a number of very famous thinkers, called philosophers.
古希腊时期有许多著名思想家,叫做哲学家。
They asked and answered all sorts of questions, discussing important ideas about how the world worked.
他们提问和回答各种问题,讨论关于世界如何运作的重要思想。
Their ideas about maths, science, history, medicine and government still shape modern society in important ways.
他们关于数学、科学、历史、医学和政府的思想至今仍深刻影响现代社会。
Three of the most famous philosophers were all connected by being students of one another.
三位最有名的哲学家由师生关系串联起来。
📄 Socrates 3 核心思想
People learn best using a question-and-answer teaching technique called the 'Socratic Method'.
人通过问答教学法(苏格拉底法)学得最好。
The world can be better understood by asking questions about everything, such as 'What is friendship?', 'Can we improve the government?', 'Are the gods real?'.
通过对万事提问能更好理解世界,比如"什么是友谊?""我们能改进政府吗?""神真的存在吗?"
Seeking goodness and justice are more important to people's happiness than having money or power.
追求善与正义对幸福比金钱或权力更重要。
He was executed for asking too many questions and spreading ideas that 'corrupted the youth'.
他因问太多问题、散布"腐蚀青年"的思想而被处死。
He fought in several battles as a hoplite soldier and was known for his courage.
他作为重装步兵参加过几场战役,以勇敢闻名。
📄 Plato 3 核心思想
A society works well when each person does the job they are suited for.
一个社会运行得好,当每个人做适合自己的工作。
Countries should ideally be ruled by philosopher-kings.
国家理想上应由哲学家王统治。
Our senses are important in affecting the way we understand the world around us but there is a lot we do not understand.
我们的感官很重要——影响我们如何理解世界——但还有很多东西我们不理解。
📄 Aristotle 关键事实
Aristotle was born in Macedonia, a country to the north of ancient Greece in 384 BC.
亚里士多德生于马其顿(古希腊北方的国家),公元前 384 年。
When Aristotle was 17, his parents allowed him to move to Athens so that he could study with the famous scholar, Plato.
17 岁时父母让他去 Athens 跟柏拉图学习。
Aristotle stayed in Athens for 20 years.
他在 Athens 待了 20 年。
After Plato died, King Phillip of Macedonia offered Aristotle a job as tutor to the king's young son, Alexander.
柏拉图死后,马其顿国王 Philip 邀请亚里士多德教他的儿子亚历山大。
Aristotle's sayings: "We are what we repeatedly do. Excellence then is a habit." / "We think in pictures. If you wish to change what you think, change the picture."
With a few changes made over the years, the Olympic Games remains one of the biggest sporting events in the world today.
经过几年的几次调整,奥运至今仍是世界最大的体育盛会之一。
📄 Philosophy 现代影响(Philosophy PPT 第 1 页)
In fact, their ideas about maths, science, history, medicine and government still shape modern society in important ways.
事实上,他们关于数学、科学、历史、医学和政府的思想至今仍以重要方式塑造现代社会。
📄 Plato 的 Academy
In about 387 BC Plato set up the Academy in Athens. The Academy existed for hundreds of years after Plato's death, and it is regarded as the earliest ancestor of the modern university.
约公元前 387 年,柏拉图在 Athens 建立了 Academy 学院。柏拉图死后学院又存在了几百年,被视为现代大学最早的祖先。
📄 Aristotle 像孔子(Socrates doc)
Like Confucius, the famous Chinese philosopher, Aristotle is remembered for his sayings.
和孔子(著名中国哲学家)一样,亚里士多德以名言被人记住。
💡 G4e 总结 6 个"高阶评价词" · 写答题模板必用,G5 也会反复用。
🏛️ 文明 + 影响
legacy/ˈleɡəsi/n.遗产、传承
词源拉丁 legare(任命、留下)= "留下的东西"
教材"The Olympics is one of the major legacies from Ancient Greek times."(奥运是古希腊主要遗产之一)
延伸① cultural legacy 文化遗产 ② His legacy lives on. 他的影响延续至今 ③ 写作模板:"X is a lasting legacy of Y"
legacy ≠ heritage:legacy 强调"某人某事留下的具体影响"(如奥运、哲学),heritage 强调"被继承的整体文化遗产"(如世界遗产 World Heritage)。
foundation/faʊnˈdeɪʃn/n.基础、根基
词源拉丁 fundus(底)= "底层"
教材古希腊为西方文明奠定基础(教材未直接出现这词,但写作必用)
延伸① lay the foundation 奠定基础 ② foundation of democracy 民主的基础 ③ foundation course 基础课程 ④ foundation makeup 粉底
写作模板"Ancient Greece laid the foundation of Western civilization." 古希腊奠定西方文明的基础。
civilization/ˌsɪvəlaɪˈzeɪʃn/n.文明
词源拉丁 civis(公民)+ -ization(化)= "成为公民的过程"
教材整个 humanities G1-G4 都在讲 Ancient Greek civilization 古希腊文明
延伸① Western civilization 西方文明 ② cradle of civilization 文明摇篮 ③ civil adj. 公民的、民事的 ④ civilized adj. 文明的
同根civil, civilian, civic, citizen 都来自 civis(公民)
influence/ˈɪnfluəns/n./v.影响
词源拉丁 in-(进入)+ fluere(流)= "流入"(原指星辰对人的影响——天文学概念)
教材"Their ideas still shape modern society in important ways."(shape 同义于 influence)
满分示范:"Apollo is the Greek god of music, prophecy, and medicine. He is often shown carrying a lyre. He also delivers the famous Oracle at Delphi."
🏛️ 题型 2:Describe 描述题(神 / 奥运 / 哲学家)
例题:Describe Zeus.
怎么答 · 3 步:
身份(king of gods)
领域(sky + storms)
住哪里 + 象征(Mt. Olympus + thunderbolt)
满分示范:"Zeus is the king of the gods. He is the god of sky and storms, and lives on Mt. Olympus. His symbol is the thunderbolt. The Olympic Games were held in his honour."
⚙️ 题型 3:Explain how 机制题(奥运)
例题:Explain how the Ancient Olympic Games worked.
怎么答 · 3 步:
4 个事实:776 BC / 每 4 年 / Olympia / Zeus
说谁能参加(只有男性)
列项目(宗教 + 体育两类)
满分示范:"The Ancient Olympics began in 776 BC, held every 4 years at Olympia in honour of Zeus. Only men could compete (most competed naked). Activities included religious rituals (sacrifices, oaths) and sports (wrestling, running, discus, javelin)."
⚖️ 题型 4:Compare 易混神对比
例题:Compare Ares and Athena. Both are war gods — how are they different?
怎么答 · 3 步:
先相同:Both are war gods
再不同:Ares = 残暴面 vs Athena = 智慧面
加 1 句谁受欢迎(Ares 不受其他神欢迎)
满分示范:"Both Ares and Athena are war gods. However, Ares represents the brutal, chaotic side of war and is unpopular with other gods, whereas Athena represents the strategic, wise side and is the patron of Athens."
🔗 题型 5:Trace 师生链
例题:Trace the teacher-student chain from Socrates to Alexander the Great.
怎么答 · 3 步:
用 → 箭头列顺序
说每个人是谁的学生
加4 代人 + 200 年这种历史尺度
满分示范:"Socrates → Plato → Aristotle → Alexander the Great. Plato was Socrates' student. Aristotle was Plato's student. Aristotle then taught the young Alexander. This is four generations of teachers and students spanning ~150 years — covering the entire golden age of Greek philosophy."
📌 G4 章 3 个高分关键:
① 神名拼写—— Aphrodite / Hephaestus 都难拼
② 关键数字—— 776 BC(奥运开始)/ 1896(复兴)/ 4 年(一届)/ 393 AD(被禁)
③ 区分易混对—— Hera/Heracles · Mt. Olympus/Olympia · Ares/Athena