You would generally expect armies with more soldiers to defeat ones with a smaller number.
通常你会认为士兵更多的军队会打败士兵少的军队。
However, at the battle of Marathon, 10,000 Greeks from the Athenian army faced 25,000 Persians and went on to win the battle despite being heavily outnumbered!
但在马拉松战役里，雅典军1 万希腊人对阵2.5 万波斯人，尽管兵力悬殊还是赢了！
📄 故事 8 步（PPT 第 5-14 页）
1. In 490 BC, King Darius rules over the Persian Empire. He decides to invade Athens.
1. 公元前 490 年，大流士国王统治波斯帝国。他决定入侵雅典。
2. Commander Datus of Persia sails to Athens. He has a fleet of 25,000 soldiers.
2. 波斯的达提斯将军率舰队驶向雅典。他有 2.5 万士兵。
3. The Persian army was much larger than the Athenian army. The Athenians needed to ask Sparta for help.
3. 波斯军比雅典军大得多。雅典人必须向斯巴达求救。
4. The Athenians send a runner called Pheidippides to ask Sparta for help. He runs 240 km or 150 miles!
4. 雅典人派跑步信使菲迪皮德斯去斯巴达求救。他跑了 240 公里 / 150 英里！
5. The Spartans were celebrating a festival. They said they would help once the festival was over.
5. 斯巴达正在过节。他们说节日结束后才会来帮。
6. Pheidippides runs back to Athens with the news that they would need to wait. The Athenian army would need to fight alone against the bigger Persian army.
6. 菲迪皮德斯跑回雅典报"得等"。雅典军必须独自迎战更大的波斯军。
7. Although the Athenians had a smaller army, they had better strategies. General Miltiades uses a smart strategy: he puts the strongest fighters at the edge of the phalanx formation. The battle was on rocky and marshy land so the Persians could not use horses and chariots.
8. Pheidippides then runs from Marathon to Athens to tell them of the victory. He warns Athens that the Persian army may try and attack again. Pheidippides dies of exhaustion.
8. 菲迪皮德斯然后从马拉松跑回雅典报捷。他警告雅典波斯军可能再来攻击。菲迪皮德斯累死了。
💡 G3b Marathon 战役关键事实 · 地名 / 战役词 / 信使。希腊词根重点。
🏛️ 战役地名 + 民族
Marathon/ˈmærəθɒn/n.（专有）马拉松（雅典东北的村庄/平原）
词源希腊 marathon = "茴香（fennel）"——该地长满茴香
教材"at the battle of Marathon"（在马拉松战役）——这里是地名
延伸现代赛跑 marathon 也由此地得名（见 G3c）
大写 Marathon（地名/战役） vs 小写 marathon（赛跑）——本节专指地名
Athenian/əˈθiːniən/n./adj.雅典人；雅典的
词源来自城邦 Athens 雅典，源于女神 Athena 雅典娜（智慧女神） + -ian（人）
教材"10,000 Greeks from the Athenian army"（雅典军的 1 万希腊人）
延伸① Athens → Athenian 模式 ② Sparta → Spartan ③ Troy → Trojan
同根Athens 城；Athena 女神
Persian/ˈpɜːrʒn/n./adj.波斯人；波斯的
词源来自古国 Persia 波斯（今天的 Iran 伊朗），+ -ian（人）
教材"faced 25,000 Persians"（对阵 2.5 万波斯人）
延伸① Persian cat 波斯猫 ② Persian Gulf 波斯湾 ③ 大流士 Darius 是波斯国王
易错Persia ≠ Iran 口语，但今日 Iran 即古 Persia 之地
⚔️ 战役 + 信使词
battle/ˈbætl/n./v.战役；战斗；与...搏斗
词源拉丁 battualia（练剑）→ 古法语 bataille → 英语 battle
教材"the battle of Marathon"（马拉松战役）
延伸① battle cancer 与癌症搏斗 ② battlefield 战场 ③ battleship 战舰
battle vs war：battle 是单场战役（一天/一周），war 是整个战争（多年/多场 battle）
outnumber/ˌaʊtˈnʌmbər/v.数量超过、人数多于
词源out-（超过）+ number（数量）= "数量上超过"
教材"won the battle despite being heavily outnumbered"（尽管人数悬殊劣势仍获胜）
延伸① heavily outnumbered 兵力悬殊（被动） ② outnumber sb. 3 to 1 以 3:1 占优势
⭐⭐⭐ 最重要① Phalanx 阵型 + 强者在外 "The Greeks used the phalanx formation with their strongest soldiers on the outside."
希腊用 phalanx 阵，强者在两侧——所以两侧能压倒对方，包抄包饺子，把波斯中军围起来。
⭐⭐⭐ 最重要② 地形废了波斯骑兵 "The Persians were unable to use their horse and chariots."
Miltiades 选了沼泽 + 石头的战场——波斯骑兵 / 战车在这种地形完全失灵。波斯的 cavalry advantage 直接归零。
⭐⭐ 很重要③ Hoplite 盔甲强 "The Greek hoplites had stronger armour than the Persian soldiers."
希腊重盔甲（约 30 kg）vs 波斯轻盔甲（侧重灵活）—— 近身肉搏希腊完全压制。
⭐⭐ 很重要④ 冲过波斯弓箭手的突袭 "The Greeks took the Persian soldiers by surprise by charging past their archers."
希腊军跑步冲锋冲过波斯弓箭手的射程——波斯弓箭手没料到对方"敢硬冲"，没来得及多射几轮就被冲到面前。
⭐ 重要⑤ 波斯轻敌 "The Persians had not expected to put up a big fight as they thought it would be an easy win."
波斯以为人多就赢——心理上没准备硬仗。
⭐ 次要⑥ Athens 求救 Sparta（结果没来） "The Athenian soldiers asked the Spartans for help."
⚠️ 这条其实争议大——Sparta 没来！但教材列出来，理由是"显示 Athens 没轻敌、有准备"。考试如果列这条要小心。
⭐ 拓展⑦ 希腊向众神祈祷 "The Greeks prayed to their Gods for help."
当时希腊人是认真信神的（G4 学）。但"祈祷"显然不是军事胜因——这条是次要的"心理因素"。
📋 PEEL 框架：3 个主要原因（最佳答题选择）
题："What do you think were the main reasons for the Greek victory at the Battle of Marathon? Write 3 reasons + explain why."
推荐 3 原因（按重要度）：
① Phalanx + 强者在外（战术）
② 地形废骑兵（选址）
③ Hoplite 盔甲强 或 冲过弓箭手突袭（装备 / 速度）
这 3 个原因是军事可解释的，比"祈祷"或"求 Sparta"更有说服力。
🏃 现代 Marathon 长跑（PPT 第 30 页）
"What is the name of the modern-day sporting event inspired by Pheidippides? A Marathon. It is based on the distance Pheidippides ran from Marathon to Athens. 42 km or 26 miles (more accurately 42.196 km or 26.2 miles)."
💡 Alexander 大帝（G2 学的）自称 Achilles 的后代——他随身带着 Homer 的《Iliad》睡觉。Trojan War 在希腊人心中是"民族史诗"。
📏 故事的时间
战争年代：传说约 1200 BC（Mycenaean 时代末期，回扣 G1 早期文明）
口述传承：经过 400 多年口耳相传
第一次写下来：约 800 BC，由 Homer 荷马写的 《Iliad 伊利亚特》（"Ilium" 是 Troy 的另一个名字）
另一部史诗：《Odyssey 奥德赛》讲 Odysseus 战后回家路上 10 年的冒险
"为了一个女人打 10 年仗" —— 这是真实战争原因吗？
💡 几乎肯定不是真正的原因。历史学家推测真正原因： ① 贸易控制：Troy 位于 Hellespont 海峡（Aegean → Black Sea），控制了重要贸易路线 → 希腊想要这条路 ② 资源：Troy 富饶，希腊穷且山多 ③ 领土扩张：希腊城邦渴望殖民东方 ④ Helen 故事可能是"宣传"：把经济战包装成"为了一个女人的爱情"——这样希腊人民会更愿意打 👉 这正是历史的叙事 vs 真相问题。故事被传 400 年后，戏剧化部分（绝代美人、王子私奔、爱情仇恨）被放大，枯燥的经济原因被遗忘。
Trojan Horse 木马这个计谋——为什么 Trojan 这么"傻"上当？
💡 几个原因： ① 10 年疲劳：围城 10 年 Trojan 士气崩溃，看见敌人"撤了"先狂欢 ② 宗教崇拜：希腊 / Trojan 都把马当作 Poseidon（海神）的圣物。"高大的木马"在他们眼里像神圣礼物 ③ 战利品诱惑：拉敌人的"撤退留下的东西"进城是当时习俗 ④ 有人警告但没人听：故事里 Laocoön 祭司警告"别拉进城"，但被一群蛇拖到海里淹死（被解释为"神意"） 👉 现代成语 "Trojan Horse" = 暗中破坏：电脑病毒"特洛伊木马"、内部颠覆。
📌 本节考点：① 5 部分故事按顺序复述 ② 关键人物（Helen / Paris / Odysseus）③ 战争时长 10 年 + 一年都是因为"木马计"才结束。
✅ 学完小检查（3 题）
1. 我能按顺序讲 Trojan War 5 部分故事
2. 我能说出战争 4 个关键人物（Helen/Paris/Odysseus/谁设计木马）
3. 我能说出战争打了 10 年 + 木马计是怎么破城的
💡 教材原句中英对照（L8 PPT 第 9-13 页 5 部分）。
📄 ① A city called Troy（PPT 第 9 页）
The story begins in a city called Troy. It was a sea journey away from the famous Greek city-state of Sparta.
故事始于一座叫 Troy 特洛伊 的城市。从希腊城邦 Sparta 出发要走一段海路。
The city of Troy was protected by a high wall. Some parts were 20 feet high. The only way in was through a special gate.
Troy 城被高墙保护。有的部分20 英尺高。唯一进城方式是一个特别的城门。
📄 ② A royal kidnap（PPT 第 10 页）
One day, the king of Sparta found out that a prince from Troy had kidnapped his beautiful wife Helen.
一天，Sparta 国王发现 Troy 一位王子劫持了他美丽的妻子 Helen。
The prince's name was Paris and he took Helen back to Troy and married her. Paris also took some of the king's treasure.
这位王子叫 Paris，他带 Helen 回 Troy 娶了她。Paris 还带走了国王的财宝。
An army of thousands of Greek ships set sail for Troy.
数千艘希腊战船起航前往 Troy。
📄 ③ No Way In（PPT 第 11 页）
It was very hard for the Greek soldiers to break through the high walls of Troy.
希腊兵很难突破 Troy 高墙。
The war went on for nearly ten years.
战争打了近 10 年。
📄 ④ A surprise gift（PPT 第 12 页）
A Greek general called Odysseus came up with a way of tricking the Trojans into letting the Greek soldiers inside the walls.
一位希腊将军 Odysseus 奥德修斯想出了骗 Trojan 让希腊兵进城的办法。
The Greeks built a large, beautifully-crafted wooden horse and left it outside the gates, acting like it was a peace gift.
希腊人造了一匹精美巨大的木马，放在城外，假装是和平礼物。
The plan was that the Greek men would secretly hide inside the wooden horse.
计划是希腊人秘密藏在木马里。
📄 ⑤ Final victory（PPT 第 13 页）
The Trojans rushed to celebrate their victory. They wheeled the wooden horse inside through the gates of the city.
Trojan 急于庆祝胜利。他们把木马推进城门。
Once inside the city walls, the Greeks waited until nightfall to emerge and then opened the gates to allow more of their army to enter.
一旦在城内，希腊人等到夜晚出来开城门，让更多军队进城。
A battle began and this time, the Greeks won and set the city of Troy on fire.
战斗开始——这次希腊赢了，并火烧 Troy 城。
💡 G3d Trojan War 5 部分 · Troy 城、Helen 绑架、木马计、奥德修斯。
🏛️ 城 + 攻城词
Trojan/ˈtroʊdʒən/n./adj.特洛伊人；特洛伊的
词源来自城名 Troy 特洛伊（位于今土耳其西北部） + -an（人）
教材"the Trojan War"（特洛伊战争）；"the Trojans"（特洛伊人）
延伸① Trojan horse 特洛伊木马（计算机病毒名也借此） ② work like a Trojan 像 Trojan 一样卖力
Troy（城/地） vs Trojan（人/形容词）——同 Sparta/Spartan、Athens/Athenian 模式
siege/siːdʒ/n.围城、围攻
词源拉丁 sedere（坐）→ 古法语 sege——"军队坐在城外等"
教材希腊军围 Troy 城 近 10 年（"hard to break through the high walls"）——这就是 siege
延伸① lay siege to a city 围攻一座城 ② under siege 被围 ③ 10-year siege 10 年围城
教材"a prince from Troy had kidnapped his beautiful wife Helen"（Paris 绑走了 Helen）
延伸① kidnapper 绑匪 ② ransom 赎金
过去式 kidnapped（双写 p）——重音在 kid
trick/trɪk/n./v.计谋、骗术；欺骗
词源古法语 trique = "诡计、把戏"
教材"a way of tricking the Trojans into letting the Greek soldiers inside"——Odysseus 想出骗 Trojan的办法（木马计）
延伸① trick or treat 万圣节"不给糖就捣蛋" ② play a trick on sb. 戏弄某人 ③ magic trick 魔术 ④ do the trick 起作用、奏效
同根tricky adj. 棘手的、狡猾的；trickster n. 骗子
wooden horse/ˈwʊdn hɔːrs/n.木马（特洛伊木马计）
词源wooden（木制的，wood + -en） + horse（马）——木头做的马
教材"a large, beautifully-crafted wooden horse... as a peace gift"——希腊兵藏木马里，假装和平礼物
延伸① Trojan horse（专有名词）= 这匹木马 ② 计算机病毒"特洛伊木马"也叫 Trojan horse（伪装成正常软件，内藏恶意） ③ 比喻"内部的隐藏威胁"
记法"看似礼物，实为陷阱"——这是英语 Trojan horse 的固定隐喻
Odysseus/oʊˈdɪsiəs/n.（专有）奥德修斯（希腊将军，木马计策划者）
词源希腊名字，意为 "怀怒之人"——以智谋闻名
教材"A Greek general called Odysseus came up with a way of tricking the Trojans"
延伸① The Odyssey《奥德赛》——荷马另一史诗，讲他战后回家路 ② odyssey（小写）= 漫长艰难的旅程，如 a personal odyssey
易错读音 /oʊ-DIS-i-əs/——重音在 DIS；不是"奥-杜-修-斯"
📝 学习内容
第一部分：Oral History 口述历史 + Homer 写下来
"In Ancient Greece, the stories about the Trojan War started during the early Dark Ages. They were passed on orally by storytellers for hundreds of years before being famously written down in around 800 BC by a writer known as Homer."
"Oral stories can easily get changed, either by details being accidentally muddled (like a very long game of Chinese Whispers) or by parts being altered on purpose by the storyteller to make it more interesting, dramatic or to make a character look good."
Oral stories can easily get changed, either by details being accidentally muddled (like a very long game of Chinese Whispers) or by parts being altered on purpose by the storyteller.
口述故事容易改变——要么不小心混淆细节（像传话游戏），要么讲故事的人故意修改。
📄 Homer 写下故事（PPT 第 6 页）
In Ancient Greece, the stories about the Trojan War started during the early Dark Ages.
古希腊关于 Trojan War 的故事始于早期黑暗时代。
They were passed on orally by storytellers for hundreds of years before being famously written down in around 800 BC by a writer known as Homer.
故事被讲述者口耳相传几百年，直到约公元前 800 年被一位叫 Homer 荷马的作家写下来。
Why do you think this makes it hard for historians to work out how much of the written-down stories about the Trojan War really happened?
你认为为什么这让历史学家很难判断写下来的 Trojan War 故事有多少真的发生过？
📄 Schliemann 考古（PPT 第 16 页）
A German archaeologist called Heinrich Schliemann used his knowledge of Ancient Greece to work out where the city of Troy might have once been.
一位德国考古学家 Heinrich Schliemann 用他对古希腊的知识，推算Troy 城曾经可能在哪里。
Read the evidence cards about what Heinrich Schliemann found and match them up to the questions about the story.
阅读关于 Heinrich Schliemann 找到了什么的证据卡，并把它们和故事中的问题配对。
📄 Exit Check（PPT 第 18 页）
Can you explain: Why it is hard to know how much truth there is in the written stories about the Trojan War?
你能解释：为什么很难知道写下来的 Trojan War 故事里有多少是真的？
One piece of evidence that supports the truth in the stories?
支持故事真实性的一条证据？
One part that is unlikely to be based on the truth?
满分示范："A hoplite is a type of Greek foot soldier. A phalanx is a battle formation using swords and spears."
🏆 题型 2：Why did Y win? 胜因题
例题：Why did the Greeks win the Battle of Marathon?
怎么答 · 3 步：
列至少 3 个原因（PPT 第 17 页给了 7 个候选选最强 3 个）
用 ① ② ③ 编号
选这 3 个最有军事说服力：phalanx / 地形 / 盔甲
满分示范："The Greeks won at Marathon for 3 reasons: ① they used the phalanx with strongest soldiers on the outside, which let them outflank the Persians; ② the marshy terrain disabled the Persian cavalry and chariots; ③ Greek hoplites had stronger armour than Persian soldiers in close combat."
📖 题型 3：Retell 讲故事题（Trojan War）
例题：Retell the story of the Trojan War in 5 parts.
怎么答 · 3 步：
按 PPT 第 14 页 5 部分骨架：城 → 拐 → 围 → 木马 → 火烧
每部分一句话
名字要拼对：Helen / Paris / Odysseus
满分示范："①Helen, queen of Sparta, was kidnapped by Paris of Troy. ② Greeks besieged Troy for 10 years but couldn't break the walls. ③Odysseus built a wooden horse with soldiers hidden inside. ④ Trojans pulled it into the city as a 'gift.' ⑤ At night Greeks emerged, opened the gates, and burned Troy."
🔍 题型 4：How do we know? 证据题
例题：How do we know that Troy was a real city?
怎么答 · 3 步：
说出考古学家：Heinrich Schliemann
说出地点 + 年代：Hisarlik 土耳其，1870s
说出证据类型：tangible / 实物史料
满分示范："We know Troy was a real city because the German archaeologist Heinrich Schliemann excavated ruins at Hisarlik in Turkey in the 1870s. He found tangible (实物) evidence — city walls, gold, and 9 layers of buildings — that matched Homer's descriptions."
📚 题型 5：Classify 史料分类题
例题：Classify Homer's Iliad as a historical source.
怎么答 · 3 步：
选 4 大类中的 1 个：实物 / 文献 / 图像 / 口述
解释为什么（文字 = 文献）
加 1 句注意事项（Homer 写在 800 BC，离 Trojan War 400 年）
满分示范："Homer's Iliad is a 文献史料 (documents) source — because it is a written text. However, since Homer wrote it around 800 BC, 400 years after the Trojan War (~1200 BC), it should be treated cautiously — the story passed through oral traditions for centuries before being written down."
📌 G3 章 3 个高分关键：
① 具体数字（490 BC / 10k vs 25k / 42 km / 10 years / 240 km）
② 关键名字拼对（Pheidippides / Miltiades / Odysseus / Schliemann）
③ 区分"故事 vs 证据"（Homer 的故事 vs Schliemann 的考古）